Contractions: 'would' vs 'had'
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Contractions: 'would' vs 'had'
助动词would和had都可被缩写成 'd。那怎么分别这两个单词呢？
• Would后面总跟着一个不带to的动词不定式:
• Would后面总跟着一个不带to的动词不定式:
I'd like some sugar please. 我想要一些糖，谢谢。
I'd be glad to meet you. 遇见你很高兴。
• Had后面跟一个过去分词，用以将动词变位成过去完成时:
When I arrived, she'd been in my office for two hours. 当我到达时，她已经在我的办公室里两个小时了。
Until he bought his sports car, he'd been saving money for years. 他常年省钱，直到他购买了运动轿车。
注意: 其他一些表达(had better, had best...)中用了had，而后面不是过去分词:
I'd better leave. 我最好离开。
练习 1
Identify the form of the contractions used in the following sentences:
He'd better think again before coming around my neighborhood. 'He'd = '
I'd have been there for the party, if your mother hadn't kept me waiting. 'I'd = '
I'd already finished cooking by the time the clowns showed up for dinner. 'I'd = '
He'd better think again before coming around my neighborhood. 'He'd = '
I'd have been there for the party, if your mother hadn't kept me waiting. 'I'd = '
I'd already finished cooking by the time the clowns showed up for dinner. 'I'd = '
Identify the form of the contractions used in the following sentences:
He'd better think again before coming around my neighborhood. 'He'd = He had 1'
I'd have been there for the party, if your mother hadn't kept me waiting. 'I'd = I would 2'
I'd already finished cooking by the time the clowns showed up for dinner. 'I'd = I had 3'
He'd better think again before coming around my neighborhood. 'He'd = He had 1'
I'd have been there for the party, if your mother hadn't kept me waiting. 'I'd = I would 2'
I'd already finished cooking by the time the clowns showed up for dinner. 'I'd = I had 3'
1 He had: This is the best choice here. The expression being used in this sentence is 'He had better', which is synonymous with 'He ought to' or 'He should', all of these constructions express a conditional sentiment that someone 'should' act in a certain way.
1 He would: 'He would better' is grammatically incorrect.
1 He should: We cannot form contractions with the auxiliary 'should'. We could say, however: 'He should think again...'.
1 He did: We cannot form contractions with the auxiliary 'do'.
2 I would: This is the best choice here. 'I would have been there for the party' expresses a conditional statement that is dependant upon the second clause of the sentence ('if your mother hadn't kept me waiting').
2 I should: We cannot form contractions with the auxiliary 'should'.
2 I could: We cannot form contractions with the auxiliary 'could'.
2 I had: Because the second clause of the sentence is introduced by 'if', we are forming a conditional sentence. Therefore, we cannot use 'had' here because it does not express the conditional.
3 I had: This is the best choice here. 'I had already finished' is a normal use of the past perfect (auxiliary 'have' conjugated in the past tense + the past participle). We know that we need to use the past perfect because the second verb (showed up) is in the past simple form.
3 I would: 'I would finished' is grammatically incorrect. We do not use the auxiliary 'would' directly followed by the past participle.
3 I should: We cannot form contractions with the auxiliary 'should'.
3 I did: We cannot form contractions with the auxiliary 'do'.
练习 2
Fill in the blanks below with the correct contracted form. For example: Are not = Aren't
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Billy's parents always told him he amount to anything in life. ' too short, too weak and too ignorant to ever become someone great', say. A few years later, Billy won the State Lottery, and it matter that he was too short, too weak or too ignorant. He was rich!
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Billy's parents always told him he amount to anything in life. ' too short, too weak and too ignorant to ever become someone great', say. A few years later, Billy won the State Lottery, and it matter that he was too short, too weak or too ignorant. He was rich!
Fill in the blanks below with the correct contracted form. For example: Are not = Aren't
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Billy's parents always told him he [not done] wouldn't 1 amount to anything in life. '[not done] you're 2 too short, too weak and too ignorant to ever become someone great', [not done] they'd 3 say. A few years later, Billy won the State Lottery, and it [not done] didn't 4 matter that he was too short, too weak or too ignorant. He was rich!
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Billy's parents always told him he [not done] wouldn't 1 amount to anything in life. '[not done] you're 2 too short, too weak and too ignorant to ever become someone great', [not done] they'd 3 say. A few years later, Billy won the State Lottery, and it [not done] didn't 4 matter that he was too short, too weak or too ignorant. He was rich!
1 wouldn't: 'Wouldn't' is a regular contraction in the negative. To form contractions, we simply join the two words ('would' and 'not'), and replace the 'o' with an apostrophe.
2 you're: 'You're' is a contraction of the subject-verb combination 'you are'. To form contractions, we simply join the two words ('you' and 'are'), and replace the 'a' with an apostrophe.
3 they'd: 'Would' contracts irregularly with personal pronouns. In every case, only the letter 'd' is retained to form the contraction. Be careful! 'They'd' can also be the contraction for 'they had'.
4 didn't: 'Didn't' is a regular contraction in the negative. To form contractions, we simply join the two words ('did' and 'not'), and replace the 'o' with an apostrophe.
练习 3
Fill in the blanks below with the correct contracted form. For example: Are not = Aren't
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Kevin be able to take his vacation this year. He lost several thousand dollars in a bad investment. what happened: Kevin felt sick one day, so he went home. Before the day was over, begun to hallucinate. In the middle of his fever he called his investor and asked him to buy $3,000 worth of pig-intestine stocks. Later that week, a shipment of pig-intestines was hijacked somewhere off the Cuban coast. The value of the stock fell dramatically. Kevin lost all his money.
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Kevin be able to take his vacation this year. He lost several thousand dollars in a bad investment. what happened: Kevin felt sick one day, so he went home. Before the day was over, begun to hallucinate. In the middle of his fever he called his investor and asked him to buy $3,000 worth of pig-intestine stocks. Later that week, a shipment of pig-intestines was hijacked somewhere off the Cuban coast. The value of the stock fell dramatically. Kevin lost all his money.
Fill in the blanks below with the correct contracted form. For example: Are not = Aren't
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Kevin [not done] won't 1 be able to take his vacation this year. He lost several thousand dollars in a bad investment. [not done] Here's 2 what happened: Kevin felt sick one day, so he went home. Before the day was over, [not done] he'd 3 begun to hallucinate. In the middle of his fever he called his investor and asked him to buy $3,000 worth of pig-intestine stocks. Later that week, a shipment of pig-intestines was hijacked somewhere off the Cuban coast. The value of the stock fell dramatically. Kevin lost all his money.
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Kevin [not done] won't 1 be able to take his vacation this year. He lost several thousand dollars in a bad investment. [not done] Here's 2 what happened: Kevin felt sick one day, so he went home. Before the day was over, [not done] he'd 3 begun to hallucinate. In the middle of his fever he called his investor and asked him to buy $3,000 worth of pig-intestine stocks. Later that week, a shipment of pig-intestines was hijacked somewhere off the Cuban coast. The value of the stock fell dramatically. Kevin lost all his money.
1 won't: 'Won't' is the irregular contraction of 'will not'. Because it is an exception, it simply has to be remembered. There is no rule.
2 Here's: 'Here's' is the regular contraction of 'here is'. To form this contraction, we join the two words together and replace the 'i' with an apostrophe.
3 he'd: 'He'd' is the contracted form of 'he had'. 'He'd' would not be used in formal writing, but it is very common in speech and more 'friendly' emails. Note: 'He'd' is also the contracted form of 'he would'. Even if this might sound confusing, the grammatical context of a sentence usually makes it clear if 'he'd' is the contracted form of 'he had' or 'he would'.
练习 4
Identify the full form of the contractions used in the following sentences:
Here come the police Icarus, you'd better run! You'd=
You'd do well to shut your eyes and go to sleep.You'd=
If I knew what I know now, I'd have never joined the army. I'd=
They'd better find some money quickly if they're going to pay Harry by tomorrow. They'd=
Here come the police Icarus, you'd better run! You'd=
You'd do well to shut your eyes and go to sleep.You'd=
If I knew what I know now, I'd have never joined the army. I'd=
They'd better find some money quickly if they're going to pay Harry by tomorrow. They'd=
Identify the full form of the contractions used in the following sentences:
Here come the police Icarus, you'd better run! You'd= You had 1
You'd do well to shut your eyes and go to sleep.You'd= You would 2
If I knew what I know now, I'd have never joined the army. I'd= I would 3
They'd better find some money quickly if they're going to pay Harry by tomorrow. They'd= They had 4
Here come the police Icarus, you'd better run! You'd= You had 1
You'd do well to shut your eyes and go to sleep.You'd= You would 2
If I knew what I know now, I'd have never joined the army. I'd= I would 3
They'd better find some money quickly if they're going to pay Harry by tomorrow. They'd= They had 4
1 You had: This is correct. 'Had better' is used to express a recommendation or strong suggestion. 'Here come the police Icarus, you had better run' is synonymous with 'You ought to run' or 'You should run'. The 'had better' construction is always followed by a verb in its infinitive form without 'to' (you had better run).
1 You should: This is incorrect. We cannot form contractions with the auxiliary 'should' and a subject pronoun. We could say however, 'Here come the police Icarus, you should run!'. Note that the 'had better' construction expresses a similar meaning as 'you should run'.
1 You could: This is incorrect. We cannot form contractions with the auxiliary 'could' and a subject pronoun. 'Could' is generally used to express capacity, or in conditional and subjunctive constructions.
1 You would: This is incorrect. 'Here come the police Icarus, you would better run' is grammatically incorrect. 'Would' is generally used to form the conditional tense.
2 You would: 'You would do well to shut your eyes and go to sleep' is synonymous with 'I recommend that you shut your eyes and go to sleep'. It is a recommendation or suggestion. Any verb that follows the contraction of 'would' must be put in the infinitive form (without 'to'). For example, 'you'd FEEL better if you slept'.
2 You had: The contraction 'you had' cannot be followed by 'do well'. Contractions of 'you had' are generally followed by the past participle form of a verb. For example, 'You had DONE well on your exams until this semester'.
2 You should: Contractions cannot be formed with the auxiliary 'should' and a subject pronoun. However, we could say, 'You should shut your eyes now and go to sleep'.
2 You could: Contractions cannot be formed with the auxiliary 'could' and a subject pronoun. 'Could' is used to express capacity or capability. It is inappropriate here.
3 I would: 'Would' is used here to form the conditional tense. 'I would never have joined the army, IF I had known everything I know now'. The speaker is indicating that he is reconsidering his decision to join the army in retrospect.
3 I had: This is incorrect. The use of the term 'if' in this construction tells us that the conditional 'would' is needed. The construction 'I had have' cannot express the conditional.
3 I should: This is incorrect. We cannot form contractions with the auxiliary 'should' and a subject pronoun.
3 I could: This is incorrect. Contractions cannot be formed with the auxiliary 'could' and a subject pronoun. 'Could' is used to express capacity or capability. It is inappropriate here.
4 They had: This is the correct answer. 'Had better' is used to express a strong recommendation or suggestion. In this example, 'they had better find money' is synonymous with 'They should find money'.
4 They should: This is incorrect. We cannot form contractions with the auxiliary 'should' and a subject pronoun. We could say however, 'they should find money quickly if they are going to pay Harry back by tomorrow'.
4 They could: This is incorrect. We cannot form contractions with the auxiliary 'could' and a subject pronoun.
4 They would: This is incorrect. It is grammatically incorrect to say 'They would better find money fast if they are going to pay back Harry by tomorrow'. Contractions of 'they would' must be followed by the infinitive without 'to'. Example: 'They'd EAT everything IF their stomachs were big enough.
练习 5
Identify the full form of the contractions below, either 'would' or 'had'
I'd ask a question if I were you -> 'I'd' = I .
If she'd known the answer, I'd have chosen her. -> 'She'd' = She , 'I'd' = I .
We'd been aware of the situation for quite some time. -> 'We'd' = We .
I'd ask a question if I were you -> 'I'd' = I .
If she'd known the answer, I'd have chosen her. -> 'She'd' = She , 'I'd' = I .
We'd been aware of the situation for quite some time. -> 'We'd' = We .
Identify the full form of the contractions below, either 'would' or 'had'
I'd ask a question if I were you -> 'I'd' = I would 1.
If she'd known the answer, I'd have chosen her. -> 'She'd' = She had 2, 'I'd' = I would 3.
We'd been aware of the situation for quite some time. -> 'We'd' = We had 4.
I'd ask a question if I were you -> 'I'd' = I would 1.
If she'd known the answer, I'd have chosen her. -> 'She'd' = She had 2, 'I'd' = I would 3.
We'd been aware of the situation for quite some time. -> 'We'd' = We had 4.
1 would: 'Would' is used here to form the conditional tense. 'I would ask a question' expresses that if the speaker were in the place of 'you', then they themselves would ask a question. It is a hypothetical statement, where the speaker imagines his own actions in the place of the person he's talking to.
1 had: As an auxiliary, 'had' is generally followed by the participle of a verb. It cannot be followed by the infinitive form of a verb (ask) as it is here. 'I had ask' is grammatically incorrect. We might say 'I had asked him to write the report, but he never did'.
2 had: As an auxiliary, 'had' is generally followed by the participle of a verb. In this case 'she had known' is an example of the past perfect tense, which is used to describe an action which took place at an unspecified moment in the past in relation to another action.
2 would: 'If she would known' is grammatically incorrect. 'Would' is never directly followed by a conjugated verb. However, we might say 'if she would have known...', which would indicate a conditional statement using the past perfect tense.
3 would: We use 'would' here to form the conditional perfect tense. The phrase 'I would have chosen her' indicates that if the speaker had been aware of something, then he would have taken the action of 'choosing' her. The conditional perfect tense is used to describe a past conditional action (choosing) which occurred in relation to another action (knowing).
3 had: 'I had have chosen' is grammatically incorrect. An easy way to distinguish whether 'had' or 'would' is used in contractions (aside from the context of course) is to look at the term which follows the contraction: the auxiliary 'had' is frequently followed by the past participle of a verb (forming a perfect tense), whereas 'would' is frequently followed by the infinitive form of a verb without 'to' (forming a conditional construction).
4 had: We use the auxiliary 'had' here to form the past perfect tense. 'We had been aware' indicates that the speaker (and others) knew about something for an unspecified amount of time.
4 would: Using 'would' here is grammatically incorrect. 'Would' is never directly followed by a conjugated verb (known). An easy way to distinguish whether 'had' or 'would' is used in contractions (aside from the context of course) is to look at the term which follows the contraction: the auxiliary 'had' is frequently followed by the past participle of a verb (forming a perfect tense), whereas 'would' is frequently followed by the infinitive form of a verb without 'to' (forming a conditional construction).
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