Some and any
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Some and any
• SOME :一些;某东西的一定量或者部分:
Some water, some bread, some wine... 一些水，一些面包，一些酒
Some people, some children, some animals...一些人，一些孩子，一些动物
Some of you will be sent to the doctor. 你们中的某些会被送去看医生。
• ANY : 无论什么;所有:
Any attempt to escape will be punished severely. 尝试任何逃跑都会被严厉惩罚。
As a boy, Kevin would take any job to make money. 作为一个男孩，凯文愿意做任何工作来赚钱。
• ANY 在否定结构和问句中使用，与NO用法一样，而与SOME意义相反。然而，注意SOME和ANY的关系是很微妙的，二者之间的区别非常细微:
I have some chocolate if you're interested. 我有些巧克力，不知你感兴趣不.
I don't want any, thank you. 我不想要任何巧克力，谢谢啦。
He has no shame.或He doesn't have any shame. 他不知一点羞耻。
Would you like some coffee? 你想来杯咖啡吗？
Would you like any coffee? 你想来杯咖啡吗？
I don't want any, thank you. 我不想要任何巧克力，谢谢啦。
He has no shame.或He doesn't have any shame. 他不知一点羞耻。
Would you like some coffee? 你想来杯咖啡吗？
Would you like any coffee? 你想来杯咖啡吗？
• SOME 用在肯定结构中，很少用于否定结构。ANY用于否定结构，问句，而很少用于肯定结构:
Did you hear? There are some lions at the zoo! 你听见了吗？动物园里有一些狮子！
It's a shame. There aren't any lions at the zoo. 很可惜。这个动物园里没有任何狮子。
It's a shame. There aren't any lions at the zoo. 很可惜。这个动物园里没有任何狮子。
注意 :
• 在问句中, SOME通常表达一种欲望或者愿望。也可以用来表达说话人想知道某件事物或某人的出现，而预测他们知道回答:
• 在问句中, SOME通常表达一种欲望或者愿望。也可以用来表达说话人想知道某件事物或某人的出现，而预测他们知道回答:
Do you need some money? 你需要一点钱吗？
Do you have some advice for me? 你有什么建议给我？
• 在否定结构中ANY表现出了不知情，用来表达一个不知道答案的问题:
Do you need any money? 你需要钱吗？
Do you have any brothers or sisters? 你有兄弟或者姐妹吗？
练习 1
Icarus still has things to take care of before he can leave work. He must finish reports from yesterday, and he's got phone calls to make as well. Icarus will probably stay past midnight to finish it all. This is a busy world, and there is to be done!
Icarus still has many 1 things to take care of before he can leave work. He must finish some 2 reports from yesterday, and he's got phone calls to make as well. Icarus will probably stay past midnight to finish it all. This is a busy world, and there is much 3 to be done!
1 many: 'Many' is used to describe countable nouns such as 'things'. The term 'many' indicates a great number of something: many weekends, many elephants etc. Note that 'many' is used to describe countable nouns only.
1 much: We use 'much' to describe uncountable nouns such as 'time', 'work' or 'love'. The term 'much' indicates a great number of something: much work, much controversy. Note that 'much' is only used to describe uncountable nouns.
1 every: The plural noun 'things' cannot be described by the tern 'every', which always precedes a singular noun. The term 'every' is used to describe a group of similar objects, ideas or people. For example: Every person in this building works for the Delavigne Corporation.
1 any: 'Any' cannot be used in this construction, which is neither interrogative or negative. The term 'any' is used to describe a quantity or amount, and the term is only used in interrogative or negative constructions. For example: Do you have any plans? I don't have any sugar.
2 some: We use 'some' to describe an indefinite amount or quantity of something. 'Some' is used in affirmative, negative and interrogative statements, unlike 'any'. In this particular sentence, 'some' indicates that Icarus has 'several' or 'a few' reports to complete. Other example: Can you give me some money please, Bruno?
2 any: Because this sentence is in the affirmative (Icarus has reports), 'any' cannot be used. 'Any' is only used in interrogative or negative constructions and is used to describe a quantity or amount of something. We could say: 'He doesn't have any reports'.
2 none: 'None' is grammatically incorrect here. 'None' is used to describe the absence of something, (not one, not any). The term 'none' can only be used in affirmative or interrogative constructions. Using 'none' in a negative sentence is grammatically incorrect in English, and forms what is called 'a double negative'. We could say, however: 'He has finished none of the reports'.
2 much: We use 'much' to describe uncountable nouns such as 'time', 'work' or 'love'. The term 'much' indicates a great number of something: much work, much controversy. Note that 'much' is only used to describe uncountable nouns, not countable nouns like 'reports'.
3 much: 'Much' is being used as a substantive here: it is a pronoun which represents the idea of 'all the work which must be done'. 'Much' can be used to describe something which is unspecified or implicit. In this example, 'much' may stand for 'work'. Note that the rules of countable and uncountable nouns still apply in this construction: 'much' represents the uncountable idea of 'work'. Example: I don't have too much time.
3 many: 'Many' cannot be used as a substantive in this construction. Whenever we use 'many' as a noun, it is plural in form. For example: 'A good many of the children were missing after the class trip to the museum'.
3 each: 'Each' is never used as a noun, but can be used as a pronoun or adjective. 'There is each to be done' is grammatically incorrect.
3 every: 'Every' is never used as a noun, but can be used as pronoun or adjective. 'There is every to be done' is grammatically incorrect.
练习 2
Polly: Alright everybody, I'm going to the store. Does anyone need ?
Luna: Can you pick up herbal tea? There's left in the kitchen.
Kevin: the napkins are gone too, can you buy more? I don't have money, but I'll pay you back tomorrow, I promise.
Luna: Can you pick up herbal tea? There's left in the kitchen.
Kevin: the napkins are gone too, can you buy more? I don't have money, but I'll pay you back tomorrow, I promise.
Polly: Alright everybody, I'm going to the store. Does anyone need anything 1?
Luna: Can you pick up some 2 herbal tea? There's none 3 left in the kitchen.
Kevin: All 4 the napkins are gone too, can you buy more? I don't have any 5 money, but I'll pay you back tomorrow, I promise.
Luna: Can you pick up some 2 herbal tea? There's none 3 left in the kitchen.
Kevin: All 4 the napkins are gone too, can you buy more? I don't have any 5 money, but I'll pay you back tomorrow, I promise.
1 anything: In an interrogative construction such as this one, we use the pronoun 'anything' to indicate any item which anybody in the office might need. We use 'anything' in interrogative questions when we are unsure of the possible response.
1 something: We cannot use 'something' in an interrogative construction such as this one.
1 nothing: The term 'nothing' generally isn't used in interrogative constructions in English. The question 'does anyone need nothing?' is very unnatural, and actually asks if someone needs 'nothing'.
2 some: We use 'some' to describe uncountable nouns in interrogative constructions such as this one. Note that 'some' is used in interrogative constructions when a positive answer is supposed.
2 any: Although 'any' is often used in questions, we cannot use the term here because Luna's question supposes a positive reply. 'Any' is generally used in questions when the answer to the question is truly unknown. In other words, Luna expects Polly to buy some tea. Asking the question 'Can you pick up any tea?' is very unnatural, and indicates that Luna is unsure that Polly will buy her tea or that she will even find tea at the store.
2 no: Using 'no' in this construction doesn't make any sense.
3 none: 'None' is the best choice here. 'None' replaces the noun 'tea' ('herbal tea', to be exact). 'None' indicates that there is no herbal tea in the kitchen.
3 some: Luna asks Polly to buy some more tea, because there is 'none' left in the kitchen. It wouldn't make sense for Luna to ask Polly to buy more tea when there is still tea in the kitchen!
3 no: We cannot use 'no' here because the sentence requires a pronoun and not an adjective. We could say that there is 'no tea left in the kitchen' but we cannot say that there is 'no left in the kitchen'.
4 All: 'All' is the best choice here. 'All the napkins are gone' indicates that there are 'no napkins remaining'. Napkins are used to clean one's hands and face while eating. They can be made of fabric or paper.
4 Some: We cannot use 'some' without the preposition 'of' following it. We could say 'some of the napkins are gone', but this choice was not offered.
4 None: 'None' cannot be used in a construction such as this one. We could say 'none of the napkins are gone, which would indicate that 'all the napkins are still in the kitchen'. However this would actually express the opposite meaning of the sentence.
5 any: Because 'don't' already carries the negation of the phrase, we must use 'any'.
5 no: 'I don't have no money' forms a double negative, which is generally grammatically incorrect in English.
5 some: In negative constructions such as this one, 'any' is used rather than 'some'. 'Any' is the equivalent of 'some' in negative constructions.
练习 3
I don't have time this week, my schedule is full, but I might have time next Wednesday.
I don't have any 1 time this week, my schedule is full, but I might have some 2 time next Wednesday.
1 any: 'Any' is used in negative construction to describe 'how much time' the speaker has (or doesn't have).
1 some: Because 'don't' carries the negation of this phrase, we must use 'any' in this sentence. 'Some' is rarely used in negative and interrogative constructions.
2 some: 'Some' is generally used in affirmative constructions such as this one, to describe a quantity or amount. Here it describes the amount of time the speaker will have next week.
2 any: We cannot use 'any' in a phrase which does not carry any negation. 'Any' is generally used in negative and interrogative constructions to describe a quantity or amount. We might ask the question, 'Do you have any money?' and answer it by saying 'yes I have some', or 'no, I don't have any'.
练习 4
Unfortunately, Icarus doesn't have to eat dinner with this weekend, so he will probably stay home and do of his accounting work. of his friends are out of town on business, so Icarus is feeling lonely.
Unfortunately, Icarus doesn't have anyone 1 to eat dinner with this weekend, so he will probably stay home and do some 2 of his accounting work. All 3 of his friends are out of town on business, so Icarus is feeling lonely.
1 anyone: We use 'anyone' here because the term 'doesn't' carries the negation in the sentence. We must use the affirmative pronoun 'anyone' to complete the construction correctly. 'Anyone' here actually refers to 'nobody' being willing to eat dinner with Icarus. 'Anyone' is used in negative constructions and interrogative constructions where we are unsure of the answer.
1 someone: We cannot use 'someone' here because of the negation in the sentence. 'Someone' (like 'some') is not used in negative constructions such as this one. 'Doesn't' carries the negation of this sentence, and so the affirmative term 'any' is required. We can use 'someone' in interrogative constructions where an answer is anticipated. For example, the question 'Won't someone help me with my work?' suggests that the speaker anticipates one person being willing to help them.
1 no one: Using 'no one' creates a double negative in this sentence, which grammatically incorrect in English. 'Doesn't' carries the negation in this sentence, which means that we must use the affirmative pronoun 'anyone' here.
1 everyone: 'Everyone' doesn't fit in this sentence. Although 'everyone' is conjugated as if it were a singular noun, it indicates multiple people.
2 some: In affirmative constructions like this, we use 'some' to describe an undefined portion (an indefinite amount) of Icarus's work. 'Some' is used here to describe an unknown quantity.
2 any: We cannot use 'any' in this construction, because the sentence does not carry any negation. We must use 'some', which is the negative equivalent of 'any'. 'Any' is used only in negative constructions, or in interrogative corrections when the answer is unknown.
2 none: Although 'none' is grammatically correct in this sentence, it makes no sense to use it here. 'None' indicates the absence of something, and given the context of the sentence it doesn't belong here. Icarus would not decide to do 'none' of his accounting work if his friends weren't around.
3 All: Because 'nobody' carries the negation of the sentence, we use 'all' because we need an affirmative pronoun to correctly complete the construction. 'All' indicates the number of Icarus's friends who are out of town.
3 None: It doesn't make sense to use 'none' here, given the context of the sentence. Icarus would have no reason to feel lonely if 'none' of his friends were out of town.
3 Every: The term 'every' is generally followed by a noun or pronoun. It is grammatically incorrect to say 'every of his friends'. However, we might say 'Each of his friends is out of town', if we were referring to a relatively small number of people.
练习 5
of Kevin's comic books were stolen last week. He promised himself he wouldn't shed tears (he would not cry). But when Philip came to comfort him, of Kevin's pride had left him, and he cried like a child.
All 1 of Kevin's comic books were stolen last week. He promised himself he wouldn't shed any 2 tears (he would not cry). But when Philip came to comfort him, all 3 of Kevin's pride had left him, and he cried like a child.
1 All: 'All' is the best choice here. It tells us 'how many' comic books were stolen from Kevin. 'All' represents the total number of Kevin's comic books.
1 Any: 'Any' is grammatically incorrect here. 'Any' is primarily used in interrogative and negative constructions and it cannot be used in this affirmative construction to represent a number of Kevin's comic books. However, we could say that 'Kevin doesn't have any comic books, because they were stolen'.
1 Much: We only use 'much' to qualify uncountable nouns. Because 'comic books' is a countable noun, we cannot use 'much' to describe it.
2 any: Because 'wouldn't' carries the negation of the sentence, we use 'any' here to express that Kevin 'will not cry', or that he 'will not shed tears'. 'Any' is primarily used in interrogative or negative sentences (such as this one) to indicate the absence or lack of something ('tears' in this case). A 'tear' is a drop of water secreted from the eye (the tear duct, to be exact) due to irritation or emotion. 'To shed a tear' is to cry.
2 none: We cannot use 'none' in this case because 'wouldn't' carries the negation of the sentence. Using 'none' here would create a double negative, which is grammatically incorrect.
2 all: 'All' is usually used to indicate the total or number of something and is rarely used in negative constructions such as this one. In this case, we use 'any' to indicate the absence of tears 'shed' by Kevin. In other words, we are trying to indicate that Kevin did not cry.
2 no: We cannot use 'no' in this case because 'wouldn't' carries the negation of the sentence. Using 'no' here would create a double negative, which is grammatically incorrect.
3 all: 'All' is the best choice here. 'All' is usually used to indicate the total, the quantity or amount of something. In this case, we are indicating that 'all' of Kevin's pride disappeared. It tells us 'how much' pride left Kevin.
3 none: While 'none' is grammatically correct here, it doesn't make sense within the context of the phrase. If Kevin's pride had 'not' left him, he would 'not' have cried.
3 any: 'Any' is grammatically incorrect here because we are talking about 'how much' pride Kevin has lost. 'Any' cannot be used to describe a 'portion' or part of Kevin's pride. However, we could say 'After crying, Kevin did not have any pride left', although this sentence is rather awkward.
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