Forming the 'perfect' tenses with the auxiliary 'have' in inglese
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Forming the 'perfect' tenses with the auxiliary 'have'
Seguito da un participio passato, l’ausiliare have si usa per formare i tempi 'perfetti':
Present Perfect -> He has understood. Lui ha capito.
Past Perfect -> She had done a great job. Lei ha fatto un ottimo lavoro.
Future Perfect -> They will have finished by tomorrow. Loro avranno finito per domani.
Periodo ipotetico dell’irrealtà -> We would (or We'd) have won the game if we had had a great player like him. Avremmo vinto la partita se avessimo avuto un grande giocatore come lui.
Auxiliary + have + participio passato -> She must have called. Lei deve aver chiamato.
Past Perfect -> She had done a great job. Lei ha fatto un ottimo lavoro.
Future Perfect -> They will have finished by tomorrow. Loro avranno finito per domani.
Periodo ipotetico dell’irrealtà -> We would (or We'd) have won the game if we had had a great player like him. Avremmo vinto la partita se avessimo avuto un grande giocatore come lui.
Auxiliary + have + participio passato -> She must have called. Lei deve aver chiamato.
Esercizio 1
Fill in the blanks below with the appropriate form of the verb.
She wouldn't this far if she didn't speak fluent Spanish.
You must a mistake, there's no one here by that name.
I didn't understand exactly what you wanted me to do, otherwise I would it.
She wouldn't this far if she didn't speak fluent Spanish.
You must a mistake, there's no one here by that name.
I didn't understand exactly what you wanted me to do, otherwise I would it.
Fill in the blanks below with the appropriate form of the verb.
She wouldn't [not done] have gotten 1 this far if she didn't speak fluent Spanish.
You must [not done] have made 2 a mistake, there's no one here by that name.
I didn't understand exactly what you wanted me to do, otherwise I would [not done] have done 3 it.
She wouldn't [not done] have gotten 1 this far if she didn't speak fluent Spanish.
You must [not done] have made 2 a mistake, there's no one here by that name.
I didn't understand exactly what you wanted me to do, otherwise I would [not done] have done 3 it.
1 have gotten: This construction uses the present perfect form of the verb 'to get' following the auxiliary 'would', which forms the conditional perfect tense. When using any auxiliary with a perfect tense (must, should, will, could, would), we follow with 'have' + the past participle. Example: You shouldn't have done that. 'She wouldn't have got this far...' is a conditional statement which indicates that as a result of a girl's ability to speak Spanish, she was able to progress. Note that both 'have got' (UK) and 'have gotten' (US) are appropriate here.
2 have made: This construction uses the present perfect form of the verb 'to make' after the auxiliary 'must'. When using any auxiliary with a perfect tense (must, should, will, could, would), we follow with 'have' + the past participle of the main verb. Example: You shouldn't have done that. 'You must have made a mistake' indicates near certainty that someone has made a mistake sometime in the past.
3 have done: This construction uses the present perfect form of the verb 'to do' after the auxiliary 'would', which forms the conditional perfect tense. When using any auxiliary with a perfect tense (must, should, will, could, would), we follow with 'have' + the past participle of the main verb. Example: You shouldn't have done that. '...I would have done it' indicates the speaker's willingness to follow instructions which he was given in the past.
Esercizio 2
Today, Philip Cheeter one of the most important members of the Delavigne team. Nearly ten years ago, when he first joined us, Philip voted the employee of the year. Since then, he won several sales awards. And only last week, the Bull Street Journal said they going to write an article about him.
Today, Philip Cheeter is 1 one of the most important members of the Delavigne team. Nearly ten years ago, when he first joined us, Philip was 2 voted the employee of the year. Since then, he has 3 won several sales awards. And only last week, the Bull Street Journal said they were 4 going to write an article about him.
1 is: This sentence requires a present tense verb, as indicated by the term 'today', which places this action in the present tense.
1 was: Because we are speaking about 'today' we must use a present tense verb here.
1 will be: Because we are speaking about 'today' we must use a present tense verb here.
2 was: In the past tense, the third person singular form of 'to be' is was. This sentence uses a verb in the passive voice (was voted).
2 were: 'Were' is the past tense conjugation of the verb 'to be' only in the 'you', 'we' and 'they' forms.
2 is: The phrase 'nearly 10 years ago' places this this action in the past tense, we cannot use a present tense verb form here.
3 has: 'Has' is the appropriate auxiliary in this case.
3 was: The auxiliary 'to be' is never used to create perfect tenses, the auxiliary 'have' is used to do this.
3 is: The auxiliary 'to be' is never used to create perfect tenses, the auxiliary 'have' is used to do this.
4 were: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verbs in the statement normally 'go back one tense'. This means that verbs in the present become verbs in the past. We need to use 'were' here because we are reporting speech.
4 will: We cannot use 'will' to precede the verb 'going to', because it already implies the future action.
4 be: The verb 'to be' needs to be conjugated in this case. It is grammatically incorrect to use the infinitive form.
4 are: Last week the Bull Street Journal would have said 'we are going to write an article about Philip Cheeter'. But as this is a reported statement, verbs in the present become verbs in the past. Therefore, 'are' becomes 'were'.
Esercizio 3
When Horatio arrived at Bruno's house, the poker game . They until 7am, at which point, the game stopped and everyone went to work. This is the fourth poker night that this week.
When Horatio arrived at Bruno's house, the poker game had already started 1. They played 2 until 7am, at which point, the game stopped and everyone went to work. This is the fourth poker night that has taken place 3 this week.
1 had already started: The past perfect tense is used to situate past actions that occur before other past actions. In this case, we are expressing that the poker game started before Horatio arrived at the house. The past perfect tense is formed with the past tense auxiliary 'had' + the past participle of the main verb (started).
1 has already started: The present perfect is used to talk about unfinished time periods. The use of the past simple tense (When Horatio ARRIVED) makes it clear we are talking about a single, completed event in the past that occurred in a finished time period.
1 will have already started: We use the future perfect tense to describe an action which will occur before another action in the future. Example: When you arrive, I will have already left the office. The use of the past simple tense (When Horatio ARRIVED) makes it clear we are talking about the past.
1 already started: The simple past tense cannot be used to describe an action which is not finished. This tense is reserved for single, completed actions in the past. Example: Yesterday, we played poker.
2 played: We use the past simple tense to describe completed past actions. The use of the past simple tense (the game STOPPED) in the second half of the sentence makes it clear that we are talking about a series of actions in the past. Note, we could also use the past continuous tense here: they were playing until 7am.
2 had played: The past perfect tense is used to situate past actions that occur before other past actions. Example: I wanted to watch 'Sexy Stormtroopers V', but another customer HAD already reserved this DVD. The past perfect tense is unnecessary here because there is no ambiguity about the order events because the actions are presented in chronological sequence using the past simple tense (they PLAYED until 7AM then STOPPED then WENT to work).
2 have played: The present perfect is used to talk about unfinished time periods. Example: This week, I HAVE WATCHED three DVDS. The use of the past simple tense (the game STOPPED and everyone WENT to work) in the second half of the sentence makes it clear that we are talking about past actions that occurred in a finished time period.
2 will have played: We use the future perfect tense to describe an action which will occur before another action in the future. Example: When you arrive, I will have already left the office. The use the phrase 'until 7 am' makes it clear we are referring to a single past action.
3 has taken place: The present perfect is used to talk about unfinished time periods. 'This week' has not yet finished, therefore we use the present perfect: This is the fourth poker night that HAS TAKEN PLACE this week.
3 had taken place: The past perfect tense is used to situate past actions that occur before other past actions. This tense is only used when needing to clarify the order of at least two past actions.
3 took place: Because 'this week' is a time period which has not yet finished, we can't use the simple past tense here, which is reserved for single, completed actions in the past.
3 takes place: We use the simple present tense to describe regular actions. For example: 'Every week, a poker night takes place in the youth club'. In this exercise, we are talking about the recent past, so we can't use the present tense.
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