I comparativi in inglese
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I comparativi
• Comparativi di superiorità:
• Se l'aggettivo è breve (una o due sillabe):
Bruno is older than Susie. Bruno ha più anni di Susie.
This surfboard is shorter than mine. Questa tavola da surf è più corta della mia.
In alcuni casi la consonante finale diventa doppia, proprio come al past simple
hot -> hotter (caldo -> più caldo)
fat -> fatter (grasso -> più grasso)
• Se l'aggettivo è lungo, si usa MORE ... THAN:
Kalvin Krime perfumes are more expensive than Delavigne perfumes. I profumi Kalvin Krime sono più cari dei profumi Delavigne.
Importante: non c'è una regola fissa per determinare se un aggettivo è 'breve' o 'lungo'. Tutti gli aggettivi di una sillaba sono considerati brevi, mentre gli aggettivi di due sillabe sono considerati ora brevi, ora lunghi:
happy -> happier o more happy (felice)
ugly -> uglier or more ugly (brutto/a)
• I comparativi di inferiorità si formano conLESS ... THAN :
Horatio is less comfortable in the city than he is in the jungle. Horatio si sente meno a suo agio in città che nella giungla.
The Delavigne Corp sells products which are less expensive than its competitors' products. La Delavigne Corp vende prodotti meno cari dei suoi concorrenti.
• I comparativi di uguaglianza si formano con AS ... AS:
Kevin is as old as Philip. Kevin ha la stessa età di Philip.
I don't drink as much as he does. Non bevo quanto lui.
Are Delavigne products as expensive as Kalvin Krime's? I prodotti Delavigne costano come quelli Kalvin Krime?
as soon as possible appena possibile
In the negative form, a relationship of inferiority is employed, using NOT AS ... AS:
Horatio is not as comfortable in the city as he is in the jungle. Horatio non si sente a suo agio in città come nella giungla.
Delavigne products are not as expensive as its competitors' products. I prodotti Delavigne non sono cari come quelli dei suoi concorrenti.
• Alcuni aggettivi irregolari comuni:
good -> better
I like Delavigne's perfumes better than Kalvin Krime's. I profumi Delavigne mi piacciono di più di quelli di Kalvin Krime.
I like Delavigne's perfumes better than Kalvin Krime's. I profumi Delavigne mi piacciono di più di quelli di Kalvin Krime.
bad -> worse
The singer was worse than I thought he would be. Il cantante era peggio di quello che pensavo.
The singer was worse than I thought he would be. Il cantante era peggio di quello che pensavo.
{far -> farther (distanza) o further (senso figurato)
The mountains were much farther away than we thought. Le montagne erano molto più lontane di quanto pensassimo.
Would you like further information? Would you like more information? Desidera altre informazioni=
The mountains were much farther away than we thought. Le montagne erano molto più lontane di quanto pensassimo.
Would you like further information? Would you like more information? Desidera altre informazioni=
Esercizio 1
Following the example, change the adjective in the blank into its comparative form.
Do not use the superlative form here (most, least, etc.)
Example: Kevin drives a (nice) car than Polly = Kevin drives a nicer car than Polly.
Susie is than Luna.
Kevin is much than Philip at backgammon.
The Delavigne Corporation is slightly than Kalvin Krime.
Icarus is a little bit than Kevin at counting numbers.
In the end, Polly decided to buy the necklace.
Do not use the superlative form here (most, least, etc.)
Example: Kevin drives a (nice) car than Polly = Kevin drives a nicer car than Polly.
Susie is than Luna.
Kevin is much than Philip at backgammon.
The Delavigne Corporation is slightly than Kalvin Krime.
Icarus is a little bit than Kevin at counting numbers.
In the end, Polly decided to buy the necklace.
Following the example, change the adjective in the blank into its comparative form.
Do not use the superlative form here (most, least, etc.)
Example: Kevin drives a (nice) car than Polly = Kevin drives a nicer car than Polly.
Susie is [not done] taller 1 than Luna.
Kevin is much [not done] worse 2 than Philip at backgammon.
The Delavigne Corporation is slightly [not done] smaller 3 than Kalvin Krime.
Icarus is a little bit [not done] better 4 than Kevin at counting numbers.
In the end, Polly decided to buy the [not done] less expensive 5 necklace.
Do not use the superlative form here (most, least, etc.)
Example: Kevin drives a (nice) car than Polly = Kevin drives a nicer car than Polly.
Susie is [not done] taller 1 than Luna.
Kevin is much [not done] worse 2 than Philip at backgammon.
The Delavigne Corporation is slightly [not done] smaller 3 than Kalvin Krime.
Icarus is a little bit [not done] better 4 than Kevin at counting numbers.
In the end, Polly decided to buy the [not done] less expensive 5 necklace.
1 taller: 'Taller' is the comparative form of the adjective 'tall'. Short adjectives (of one or two syllables) generally take 'er' in the comparative form.
2 worse: 'Worse' is the comparative form of the adjective 'bad'. It is an irregular adjective bad/worse/worst.
3 smaller: 'Smaller' is the comparative form of the adjective 'small'. To create the comparative form of short adjectives (of one or two syllables), we generally add 'er' to the end of the term.
4 better: 'Better' is the comparative form of 'good'. 'Good' is irregular in its comparative and superlative forms. Good / Better / Best
5 less expensive: 'Expensive' is a long (polysyllabic) adjective, so it requires 'more' or 'less' in the comparative form. 'Less expensive' and 'more expensive' are both acceptable answers here.
Esercizio 2
Following the example, create a sentence using the comparative or superlative form of the adjective in the blank.
Example: Icarus is (lonely) than Horatio = Icarus is lonelier than Horatio.
Some people say that Susie is the PR Director in San Francisco.
I think Bob is than Bruno.
Icarus is much than Stuart, the elevator boy.
Polly is in her office than she is in her apartment.
Delavigne Corp is the perfume company in the whole world.
Example: Icarus is (lonely) than Horatio = Icarus is lonelier than Horatio.
Some people say that Susie is the PR Director in San Francisco.
I think Bob is than Bruno.
Icarus is much than Stuart, the elevator boy.
Polly is in her office than she is in her apartment.
Delavigne Corp is the perfume company in the whole world.
Following the example, create a sentence using the comparative or superlative form of the adjective in the blank.
Example: Icarus is (lonely) than Horatio = Icarus is lonelier than Horatio.
Some people say that Susie is the [not done] prettiest 1 PR Director in San Francisco.
I think Bob is [not done] heavier 2 than Bruno.
Icarus is much [not done] more intelligent 3 than Stuart, the elevator boy.
Polly is [not done] happier 4 in her office than she is in her apartment.
Delavigne Corp is the [not done] best 5 perfume company in the whole world.
Example: Icarus is (lonely) than Horatio = Icarus is lonelier than Horatio.
Some people say that Susie is the [not done] prettiest 1 PR Director in San Francisco.
I think Bob is [not done] heavier 2 than Bruno.
Icarus is much [not done] more intelligent 3 than Stuart, the elevator boy.
Polly is [not done] happier 4 in her office than she is in her apartment.
Delavigne Corp is the [not done] best 5 perfume company in the whole world.
1 prettiest: 'Prettiest' is one of the superlative forms of 'pretty'. Because the word has more than one syllable, we create the superlative form by replacing the 'y' with 'iest'. Note: 'most pretty' is also an acceptable superlative form of the word.
2 heavier: 'Heavier' is the comparative form of the adjective 'heavy'. Short adjectives generally take 'er' and 'est' in the comparative and superlative forms respectively.
3 more intelligent: 'Intelligent' is a long (polysyllabic) adjective, so it requires the prefix 'more' in the comparative form. 'Less intelligent' and 'more intelligent' are both acceptable answers here.
4 happier: 'Happier' is one of the comparative forms of 'happy'. Note: 'more happy' is also an acceptable comparative form of 'happy'.
5 best: 'Best' is the superlative form of 'good'. The adjective 'good' is irregular in its comparative and superlative forms. Good / Better / Best
Esercizio 3
Philip told me that Kevin's new suit was ugly. He wasn't joking. It is the suit I've ever seen. But to be honest, I'm much than most people.
Philip told me that Kevin's new suit was ugly. He wasn't joking. It is the ugliest 1 suit I've ever seen. But to be honest, I'm much more discerning 2 than most people.
1 ugliest: 'Ugliest' is the correct choice. It is the superlative form of the adjective 'ugly'. Example: That's the ugliest dog I've seen this month.
1 uglier: 'Uglier' is the comparative form of the adjective 'ugly', but we need the superlative form here (ugliest). We can recognize the need for the superlative form from the article 'the' which generally precedes the superlative.
1 more ugly: 'More ugly' is not a superlative, but a comparative, and therefore does not fit here.
1 uglyer: 'Uglyer' is not a real word. When we form the comparative of words that end in the letter 'y', we change the 'y' into an 'i'. Ugly: uglier.
2 more discerning: This is the best choice here. We need to use the comparative (more discerning) because the blank is followed by the word 'than' which signals a comparison. A 'discerning (person)' shows good judgement and understanding. Example: He's a little more intelligent than his pet parrot.
2 discerningest: 'Discerningest' is not a real word. 'Most discerning' is the superlative form of the adjective 'discerning', however it does not belong here.
2 discerninger: 'Discerninger' is not a real word. When we form the comparative of a word which is several syllables long, we simply add the word 'more' before it.
2 most discerning: 'Most discerning' is the superlative form, which does not belong here.
Esercizio 4
Polly: I heard Philip thinks that he's intelligent than me.
Bob: Philip is arrogant sometimes.
Polly: And he's ugly, .
Bob: Philip is arrogant sometimes.
Polly: And he's ugly, .
Polly: I heard Philip thinks that he's more 1 intelligent than me.
Bob: Philip is too 2 arrogant sometimes.
Polly: And he's ugly, too 3.
Bob: Philip is too 2 arrogant sometimes.
Polly: And he's ugly, too 3.
1 more: Because Polly is comparing Philip to herself, we use the comparative 'more' before 'intelligent'. This is the best choice here.
1 too: We cannot use 'too' in relationships of comparison.
1 so: We cannot use 'so' in relationships of comparison.
2 too: In this case 'too' is an adverb meaning 'excessive'. Here it describes Philip's arrogance.
2 more: We cannot use 'more' in this case, because we are not comparing Philip's arrogance. We are simply describing it.
2 to: 'To' is grammatically incorrect here. We would not use a preposition in this case.
3 too: 'Too' is an adverb meaning 'also'. It is usually used following the adjective.
3 more: We cannot use 'more' in this case, because it is not a relationship of comparison.
3 so: 'So' does not make sense here. It usually comes before the adjective.
Esercizio 5
Philip: Who do you think is the girl working here at Delavigne?
Icarus: Uhhh, I don't know. I'll have to think about that...
Philip: Ok, Icarus who do you think is the girl, then?
Icarus: My mother.
Philip: No. I mean here at Delavigne.
Icarus: Well, there's no one than my mother.
Icarus: Uhhh, I don't know. I'll have to think about that...
Philip: Ok, Icarus who do you think is the girl, then?
Icarus: My mother.
Philip: No. I mean here at Delavigne.
Icarus: Well, there's no one than my mother.
Philip: Who do you think is the prettiest 1 girl working here at Delavigne?
Icarus: Uhhh, I don't know. I'll have to think about that...
Philip: Ok, Icarus who do you think is the smartest 2 girl, then?
Icarus: My mother.
Philip: No. I mean here at Delavigne.
Icarus: Well, there's no one better 3 than my mother.
Icarus: Uhhh, I don't know. I'll have to think about that...
Philip: Ok, Icarus who do you think is the smartest 2 girl, then?
Icarus: My mother.
Philip: No. I mean here at Delavigne.
Icarus: Well, there's no one better 3 than my mother.
1 prettiest: 'Prettiest' is the superlative form of 'pretty'. Philip is asking about the most beautiful girl among all the girls who work at Delavigne. We create the superlative form of short adjectives (of one or two syllables) by adding 'est' to them. Adjectives ending in 'y' (ugly, lazy, pretty) change to 'iest' in the superlative form.
1 prettier: 'Prettier' is the comparative form of the adjective. Philip is not making a comparison. This construction requires the superlative form of the adjective.
1 more pretty: 'More pretty' is the comparative form of the adjective. Philip is not making a comparison. This construction requires the superlative form of the adjective.
2 smartest: 'Smartest' is the superlative form of 'smart'. We know that it is used here because it is preceded by 'the' and there is no comparison being made.
2 smarter: This is incorrect because 'smarter' is in the comparative form, and Philip is not making a comparison.
2 more smart: This is incorrect because 'more smart' is in the comparative form, and Philip is not making a comparison.
3 better: 'Better' is the comparative form of 'good' which is irregular in its comparative and superlative forms (good/better/best). We know that we need to use the comparative here because Icarus is comparing everyone else 'to' his mother. The comparison is signaled by 'than'.
3 more good: 'More good' is not a valid construction. The comparative form of 'good' is 'better'.
3 best: We cannot use the superlative 'best' here, because Icarus is making a comparison.
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