So much e so many in inglese
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So much e so many
So much e so many corrispondono a 'così tanto' e 'così tanti/e':
• So much precede i sostantivi non numerabili (so much water)
• So many precede i sostantivi numerabili (so many stars)
La proposizione consecutiva è introdotta da that.
• So much precede i sostantivi non numerabili (so much water)
• So many precede i sostantivi numerabili (so many stars)
La proposizione consecutiva è introdotta da that.
I have so much work that I won't be able to sleep until Thursday. Ho così tanto lavoro che non potrò dormire fino a giovedì.
Delavigne Corp has so many employees that it's difficult to keep track of them all. La Delavigne Corp. ha così tanti dipendenti che è difficile tenerli d'occhio tutti.
So (così) modifica aggettivi e altri avverbi. Può essere usato anche con that (che) (+ conseguenza).
It's so dark in here that I don't know whose leg I'm touching È così buio qui che non so a chi appartiene la gamba che sto toccando.
So much si usa anche con gli aggettivi comparativi. In questo contesto ha un significato simile a much, ma aggiunge maggiore enfasi.
My new car is so much quieter than my previous one! La mia nuova macchina è molto più silenziosa di quella precedente!
Nota: per fare un confronto negativo, si usa la formula so much less:
I'm enjoying learning Spanish. It's so much less complicated than learning Chinese. Mi piace imparare lo spagnolo. È molto meno complicato che imparare il cinese.
Infine, so much può essere usato dopo un verbo per indicare il grado di qualcosa:
-Why are you staring at me? -I just love you so much! - Perché mi fissi così? - È che ti amo così tanto!
Esercizio 1
Listen to the audio, then fill in the blanks with the missing terms.
-I've got work, I think I'll be here until midnight.
-By the look of that of , you'll be here until next week.
-By the look of that of , you'll be here until next week.
Listen to the audio, then fill in the blanks with the missing terms.
-I've got so much work, I think I'll be here until midnight.
-By the look of that pile of papers , you'll be here until next week.
-By the look of that pile of papers , you'll be here until next week.
Esercizio 2
The last detective novel that Polly read was thrilling that she was inspired to try writing one herself. But it was more difficult than she expected! There are aspects of the story to keep in mind that it’s hard to remember them all. Eventually, though, she finished the novel, and The Shipment that Never Arrived is now available in all good bookstores.
The last detective novel that Polly read was so 1 thrilling that she was inspired to try writing one herself. But it was so much 2 more difficult than she expected! There are so many 3 aspects of the story to keep in mind that it’s hard to remember them all. Eventually, though, she finished the novel, and The Shipment that Never Arrived is now available in all good bookstores.
1 so: "So" is used before adjectives or adverbs for emphasis. Here, it is part of the "so… that…" structure, which introduces a cause and a consequence: the thrilling nature of the book was the cause of Polly's inspiration. Another example: "You dance so gracefully that I can't take my eyes off you!".
1 so much: "So much" is used before uncountable nouns, not adjectives like "interesting". For example: "Let's play the lottery this week! We could win so much money!". However, "so much" can be used before comparative adjectives, so we could say "That novel was so much more thrilling than the movie version".
1 so many: "So many" is used before countable nouns, not adjectives like "thrilling". For example: "This poem has so many possible interpretations".
2 so much: We use "so much" to emphasize comparative adjectives like more difficult, harder or more accomplished. The narrator could also have simply said "much more difficult" here: the meaning is the same, but "so much more difficult" adds extra emphasis. For example: "Being good at poker is (so) much more complicated than I thought!".
2 so many: "So many" is used before countable nouns, not comparative adjectives like "more difficult". For example: "There are so many applicants for this job! Do I stand any chance of getting it?".
2 so: "So" can be used before adjectives in their standard form ("so lovely", "so strong", "so memorable"), but not before comparative adjectives (such as "lovelier", "stronger" or "more memorable").
3 so many: "Aspects" is a plural, countable noun, so we use "so many" here. The narrator is emphasizing that it is necessary to think constantly about a large number of aspects of story-writing. Another example: "There were so many insects on the floor that I couldn't focus on any individual one".
3 so much: "So much" is used before uncountable nouns like water, food, money, vulnerability, and so on. For example: "There is so much water in the tub! Do you really need to use that much when you take a bath?".
3 so: Generally speaking, "so" is used before adjectives or adverbs, not nouns (like "aspects"). For example: "That's so amazing!", "She laughs so loudly".
Esercizio 3
Hannah: I found that talk about cats interesting! What about you?
Luna: Not really. There are other animals which they could have spoken about. Why just cats?
Hannah: But cats are cuter than any other animal!
Luna: I can’t agree with you there. Have you ever seen a red panda?
Luna: Not really. There are other animals which they could have spoken about. Why just cats?
Hannah: But cats are cuter than any other animal!
Luna: I can’t agree with you there. Have you ever seen a red panda?
Hannah: I found that talk about cats so 1 interesting! What about you?
Luna: Not really. There are so many 2 other animals which they could have spoken about. Why just cats?
Hannah: But cats are so much 3 cuter than any other animal!
Luna: I can’t agree with you there. Have you ever seen a red panda?
Luna: Not really. There are so many 2 other animals which they could have spoken about. Why just cats?
Hannah: But cats are so much 3 cuter than any other animal!
Luna: I can’t agree with you there. Have you ever seen a red panda?
1 so: "So" is used before adjectives or adverbs for emphasis. Hannah is expressing that she found the talk very interesting, or extremely interesting, or surprisingly interesting. Another example: "He speaks so quickly! I can't understand him!".
1 so much: "So much" is used before uncountable nouns, not adjectives like "interesting". For example: "Luna drinks so much water! Is that healthy?". However, "so much" can be used before comparative adjectives, so we could say "That talk was so much more interesting than last week's".
1 so many: "So many" is used before countable nouns, not adjectives like "interesting". For example: "Kevin ate so many cookies at the party! He should learn better manners!".
2 so many: "Animals" is a plural, countable noun, so we use "so many" here. Luna is emphasizing that a large number of other animals exist other than cats. Another example: "There were so many people at your wedding! Do you really know them all?".
2 so much: "So much" is used before uncountable nouns like water, food, money, confidence, and so on. For example: "Wow, there is so much love in this room. I can feel it".
2 so: "So" does not make sense here. "So" is used to emphasize an adjective or adverb ("so big", "so pretty", "so cleverly"), but Luna is not emphasizing that the animals are "other" (or "very other"). Rather, she is emphasizing the number of "other animals".
3 so much: We use "so much" to emphasize comparative adjectives like "cuter", "smaller" or "more intriguing". The meaning is the same as with "much", but is more emphatic. For example: "You are (so) much taller than the last time I saw you!".
3 so: "So" can be used before adjectives in their standard form ("so scary", "so short", "so efficient"), but not before comparative adjectives (such as "scarier", "shorter" or "more efficient").
3 so many: "So many" is used before countable nouns, not comparative adjectives like "cuter". For example: "Why are there so many exceptions to English grammar rules?".
Esercizio 4
Jean: There are choices for lunch round here!
Edward: Yes, but they all cost money.
Jean: Personally, I find everything more delicious if I don’t think about its cost.
Edward: I don’t.
Edward: Yes, but they all cost money.
Jean: Personally, I find everything more delicious if I don’t think about its cost.
Edward: I don’t.
Jean: There are so many 1 choices for lunch round here!
Edward: Yes, but they all cost so much 2 money.
Jean: Personally, I find everything so much 3 more delicious if I don’t think about its cost.
Edward: I don’t.
Edward: Yes, but they all cost so much 2 money.
Jean: Personally, I find everything so much 3 more delicious if I don’t think about its cost.
Edward: I don’t.
1 so many: We use "so many" before plural, countable nouns like choices, frogs and positions. Here, the meaning is the same as "many", but by saying "so many", Jean is expressing surprise or delight at the number of shops. Another example: "There are so many different sandwiches available. Why do you always choose the same one?".
1 so much: "So much" is used before uncountable nouns like water, money, paper, trust, and so on. For example: "Printing this document will use so much paper! Can't we just view it on our computers?".
1 so: Generally speaking, "so" is used before adjectives or adverbs, not nouns (like "choices"). For example: "That's so fascinating!", "He gets tired so easily".
2 so much: "Money" is an uncountable noun: we say "lots of money", or "amounts of money", without using a plural form. We therefore use "so much" here. Another example: "There was so much smoke in the room that I couldn't breathe".
2 so many: "So many" is only used before countable nouns, and "money" is not countable in English. For example: "There were so many problems with my old computer that I gave it away and bought a new one". Dollars, pounds, cents, pennies, coins, notes are all examples of countable nouns, but "money", like wealth or luck, is uncountable.
2 so: Generally speaking, "so" is used before adjectives or adverbs, not nouns (like "money"). For example: "Jean is so enthusiastic about his work!".
3 so much: We use "so much" to emphasize comparative adjectives like "more delicious", "neater" or "more grateful". Jean could also have simply said "much more delicious" here: the meaning is the same, but "so much more delicious" adds extra emphasis. Another example: "Learning coding is (so) much more difficult than what I studied at university!".
3 so many: "So many" is used before countable nouns, not comparative adjectives like "more delicious". For example: "We have had so many interns in this company. I think we should have employed more of them".
3 so: "So" can be used before adjectives in their standard form ("so stupid", "so hot", "so ticklish"), but not before comparative adjectives (like "stupider", "hotter" or "more ticklish").
Esercizio 5
Philip: Babe, seriously, I drank whisky last night that I can’t remember how I got home.
Philip’s grandmother: Philip, that’s dangerous! You worry me sometimes!
Philip: Grandma? I thought I called Veronica! Sorry, I have numbers on my phone that I get mixed up sometimes.
Philip’s grandmother: So you aren’t calling to ask how my operation went?
Philip’s grandmother: Philip, that’s dangerous! You worry me sometimes!
Philip: Grandma? I thought I called Veronica! Sorry, I have numbers on my phone that I get mixed up sometimes.
Philip’s grandmother: So you aren’t calling to ask how my operation went?
Philip: Babe, seriously, I drank so much 1 whisky last night that I can’t remember how I got home.
Philip’s grandmother: Philip, that’s so 2 dangerous! You worry me sometimes!
Philip: Grandma? I thought I called Veronica! Sorry, I have so many 3 numbers on my phone that I get mixed up sometimes.
Philip’s grandmother: So you aren’t calling to ask how my operation went?
Philip’s grandmother: Philip, that’s so 2 dangerous! You worry me sometimes!
Philip: Grandma? I thought I called Veronica! Sorry, I have so many 3 numbers on my phone that I get mixed up sometimes.
Philip’s grandmother: So you aren’t calling to ask how my operation went?
1 so much: "So much" is used before uncountable nouns like whisky, soup or skepticism. Here, it is part of the "so… that…" structure, which introduces a cause and a consequence: Philip's drinking caused him to forget how he got home. Another example: "We bought so much paint that we had three cans left over after painting our bedroom!".
1 so many: "So many" is only used before countable nouns. "Whisky", referring to the drink in general, is an uncountable noun (we would only say "whiskies" to talk about different varieties of whisky). For example: "There were so many different whiskies available at the distillery!".
1 so: Generally speaking, "so" is used before adjectives or adverbs, not nouns (like "whisky"). For example: "This brandy is so delicious!".
2 so: "So" is used before adjectives or adverbs for emphasis. Philip's grandmother is saying that his behavior is very, or even astonishingly, dangerous. Another example: "My daughter is so clever that she got into university at age nine".
2 so much: "So much" is used before uncountable nouns, not adjectives like "dangerous". For example: "There is so much information in this book, I can't take it all in". However, "so much" can be used before comparative adjectives, so we could say "Skydiving is so much more dangerous than swimming".
2 so many: "So many" is used before countable nouns, not adjectives like "dangerous". For example: "You have so many pets! How do you find time to take care of them all?".
3 so many: "So many" is used before plural, countable nouns like "numbers" (which here refers to "telephone numbers", unique codes used to call individual telephones). Philip is saying that the large quantity of telephone numbers stored on his telephone sometimes causes him confusion. Another example: "I have so many ideas I want to share with you".
3 so much: "So much" is used before uncountable nouns like water, money, wool, software, and so on. For example: "This computer comes with so much free software!".
3 so: Generally speaking, "so" is used before adjectives or adverbs, not nouns (like "numbers"). For example: "Your telephone number is so easy to remember!".
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