A forma interrogativa em inglês
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A forma interrogativa
A forma interrogativa é construída de maneira diferente se o verbo for auxiliar (be, have, will, can...), ou se for um verbo 'principal'.
• Se o verbo for um auxiliar, a interrogação é construída sem o auxiliar do/does/did:
• Se o verbo for um auxiliar, a interrogação é construída sem o auxiliar do/does/did:
Is Bruno in his office? O Bruno está em seu escritório?
Can I talk to you? Posso falar com você?
Have you read this book? Você leu este livro?
• Se o verbo for 'principal', a interrogação é construída com o auxiliar do/does/did. Como sempre, depois de um auxiliar acrescenta-se o verbo no infinitivo sem o to:
Do you like that album? Você gosta deste disco?
Did she see the movie? Ela viu o filme?
Does Kevin drink alcohol? Kevin bebe álcool?
Em ambos os casos, a frase é construída invertendo o primeiro auxiliar:
She's dreaming. -> Is she dreaming?
You would tell me. -> Would you tell me?
Observação: O verbo 'principal' to do também se conjuga com o auxiliar do/does/did:
Did you do it? Vocês fizeram isto?
Does he do what is asked of him? Ele faz o que se pede?
• Nas interrogações introduzidas pelos pronomes interrogativos (Who, What)
Se o pronome interrogativo servir de sujeito, não há inversão:
Who told you this? Quem te disse isto?
Who is here? Quem está aqui?
Se o pronome interrogativo servir de complemento, então há uma inversão:
Who(m) are you talking to? A quem você está falando / Com quem você está falando?
What did he say? O que ele disse?
What are you thinking about? No que você pensando?
Exercício 1
Hello friend. I buy you a drink sometime? I'd like to try to convert you to a different religion than your current one.
Hello friend. Can I buy you a drink sometime? I'd like to try to convert you to a different religion than your current one.
Can: 'Can' correctly poses the question in this construction. In this question, the speaker asks for permission, using the verb 'can', which agrees with the subject 'I'.
Does: 'Does' cannot be used with the subject 'I, which follows the auxiliary in this construction. We might ask however 'Do I look okay?' or 'Do I have something on my face?'. Or 'Does he know what he is doing?'
Need to: 'Need to' does not usually precede the subject of a sentence. Also, it does not make sense here. Occasionally 'Need I...?' is used to pose a question, but it expresses a question of necessity and not permission.
Am: 'Am' is a form of the verb 'to be'. It is never used to ask questions about capacity or permission. It can be used to pose other questions, for example: Am I speaking too loudly? or Am I bothering you? Using it in this construction is grammatically correct.
Exercício 2
Philip: you see the suit Bruno was wearing yesterday? It was beautiful. Really suited his shoulders.
Kevin: I didn't see Bruno yesterday. I was watching the rugby. You like sports, you?
Philip: I like squash and wrestling. Basically I am a fan of any sport with balls or close physical contact.
Kevin: you? I tell.
Kevin: I didn't see Bruno yesterday. I was watching the rugby. You like sports, you?
Philip: I like squash and wrestling. Basically I am a fan of any sport with balls or close physical contact.
Kevin: you? I tell.
Philip: Did 1 you see the suit Bruno was wearing yesterday? It was beautiful. Really suited his shoulders.
Kevin: I didn't see Bruno yesterday. I was watching the rugby. You like sports, don't 2 you?
Philip: I like squash and wrestling. Basically I am a fan of any sport with balls or close physical contact.
Kevin: Are 3 you? I couldn't 4 tell.
Kevin: I didn't see Bruno yesterday. I was watching the rugby. You like sports, don't 2 you?
Philip: I like squash and wrestling. Basically I am a fan of any sport with balls or close physical contact.
Kevin: Are 3 you? I couldn't 4 tell.
1 Did: Because Philip is asking about 'yesterday', we use the past tense auxiliary 'did' to form the interrogative construction in the past tense.
1 Have: 'Have' does not agree with the past tense construction of the sentence. However, we might say 'have you seen the suit Bruno is wearing today?'.
1 Can: 'Can' does not agree with the past tense (preterit) construction of the sentence. The present tense auxiliary 'can' is generally used to ask questions about capacity (Can you tell me how to get to the market?) or permission (Can you help me with this report?).
1 Does: 'Does' is the correct verb, but does not agree with the past tense (preterit) construction of the sentence. Also, 'does' cannot be used with the second person subject 'you'. However, we might say 'Does he cook and clean?'.
2 don't: We must use the negative form of the auxiliary to express surprise in this type of construction. 'Don't you' asks a question which supposes a positive reply. Because the sentence is in the affirmative voice, we use the negative auxiliary 'don't' to properly complete the interrogative construction.
2 do: Because the construction of the phrase is affirmative, we cannot use the affirmative auxiliary 'do' to construct a response. To express surprise, we use the negative form of the auxiliary.
2 can: 'Can' is used either to ask permission, or to ask if someone is able to do something. It does not make sense to use it here.
2 will: The future auxiliary 'will' has no place in this construction. Using it here is grammatically incorrect.
3 Are: We use the affirmative construction 'are you' to formulate the question. This question is the reply to Philip's previous statement 'I am a fan of any sport...'. Because Philip uses the verb 'to be' in his statement, Kevin's reply uses the same verb to respond.
3 Aren't: There is no need to use the negative form of the auxiliary verb here. We use the negative auxiliary 'don't' when asking questions which suppose a positive reply. Example: You have a dog, don't you?
3 Is: 'Is' is grammatically incorrect. We must use a form of the auxiliary 'to be', however the subject 'you' requires the second person form of the verb (are).
3 Will: As an auxiliary, 'will' is used to ask someone to do something or to express the future tense. It has no place in this construction.
4 couldn't: 'I couldn't tell' is the correct way to form this sentence. Here it expresses Kevin's (ironic) incapacity to see that Philip appreciates certain sports. 'I couldn't tell' expresses that Kevin is already aware of Philip's affection for certain sports.
4 wouldn't: The auxiliary 'would' (and 'wouldn't') expresses a willingness or desire. It does not make sense here as this construction requires the term 'couldn't', which express 'incapacity'.
4 shouldn't: The auxiliary 'should' (and 'shouldn't') expresses this idea of obligation or near-necessity. It does not make sense here as this construction requires the term 'couldn't', which express 'incapacity'.
4 can't: 'Can't' is the contracted form of 'cannot'. Although using it here is not grammatically incorrect, it doesn't express the past tense sense of Kevin's statement.
Exercício 3
Conjugate the verbs in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb.
Bob: Do you when Luna will be coming back to work? She's been out sick for a week now.
Susie: Well, I you as soon as I see her. Everyone's wondering when she .
Bob: I'm afraid that by the time she back, my birthday will be over.
Bob: Do you when Luna will be coming back to work? She's been out sick for a week now.
Susie: Well, I you as soon as I see her. Everyone's wondering when she .
Bob: I'm afraid that by the time she back, my birthday will be over.
Conjugate the verbs in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb.
Bob: Do you [not done] know 1 when Luna will be coming back to work? She's been out sick for a week now.
Susie: Well, I [not done] will tell 2 you as soon as I see her. Everyone's wondering when she [not done] will return 3.
Bob: I'm afraid that by the time she [not done] gets 4 back, my birthday will be over.
Bob: Do you [not done] know 1 when Luna will be coming back to work? She's been out sick for a week now.
Susie: Well, I [not done] will tell 2 you as soon as I see her. Everyone's wondering when she [not done] will return 3.
Bob: I'm afraid that by the time she [not done] gets 4 back, my birthday will be over.
1 know: An ordinary verb (to know) preceded by an auxiliary (do) is always conjugated in its infinitive form without 'to' (do you know...). This is true for interrogative constructions as well (Did you see, Will you go, etc.). Bob is asking Susie if she knows when Luna will return to work.
2 will tell: In this sentence, 'as soon as' is used like 'when'. 'Will' + 'when' constructions are used to indicate something that is sure, for example: 'I will visit you when (or 'as soon as') I am in Paris'. In the dialogue, Susie is making Bob a promise that she will certainly tell him when Luna arrives. Note: 'Will' is often used for promises ('I'll pay you tomorrow') and also for on-the-spot or new decisions ('I'll have a coke please').
3 will return: 'Everyone is wondering...' uses the present progressive tense, and indicates that people are 'currently' or 'now' wondering when Luna will return (in the future). When the principal clause of a sentence uses a present tense verb form ('everyone is wondering'), and the subordinate clause is introduced by 'when,' the verb of the subordinate clause must be put in the future tense.
4 gets: Although the phrase 'by the time she gets back' describes Luna's eventual return to the office, an action which will take place in the future (if at all), a present tense verb (gets) is used here because the principal clause 'my birthday will be over' uses a future tense verb. Even though the main clause uses a future tense verb, the subordinate clause takes a present tense verb because it is introduced by a conjunction of time (by the time). Bob is expressing his concern that Luna won't get back to the office in time to celebrate his birthday.
Exercício 4
on the phone?
meet with you on Friday?
to wear women's clothing?
meet with you on Friday?
to wear women's clothing?
Is Philip 1 on the phone?
Can I 2 meet with you on Friday?
Does Horatio like 3 to wear women's clothing?
Can I 2 meet with you on Friday?
Does Horatio like 3 to wear women's clothing?
1 Is Philip: Because the main verb 'be' is an auxiliary, we simply conjugate 'to be' into its proper form.
1 Does Philip be: We only use the auxiliary 'do' when the main verb is not an auxiliary itself. For example, we could say: 'Does Philip want to speak to me?'.
2 Can I: Because the main verb 'can' is an auxiliary, we simply conjugate 'to be able to' into its proper form to pose this question.
2 Do I be able to: We only use the auxiliary 'do' when the main verb of the clause is not an auxiliary itself. For example we could say: 'Do you care to meet with me on Friday?'.
3 Does Horatio like: Because the main verb 'to like' is not an auxiliary, we must use the auxiliary 'do' to ask the question.
3 Likes Horatio: We must use an auxiliary with the verb 'to like'.
Exercício 5
Who those nice cookies?
What your new blouse?
Who ugly?
What your new blouse?
Who ugly?
Who gave you 1 those nice cookies?
What color is 2 your new blouse?
Who said Horatio is 3 ugly?
What color is 2 your new blouse?
Who said Horatio is 3 ugly?
1 gave you: Because 'who' is the subject of this sentence, the question is affirmative.
1 are you giving: Because 'who' is the subject of this sentence, we cannot use the interrogative form (are you giving). However, we could say: 'To whom are you giving those nice cookies?'.
2 color is: Because 'what' is the subject of this sentence, we must use the affirmative construction for the question.
2 does the color be: Because 'what' is the subject of this sentence, we cannot use the interrogative form. It is grammatically incorrect, although pirates use it frequently.
3 said Horatio is: Because 'who' is a compliment to the sentence, we must use the interrogative form of the question.
3 is Horatio: Because 'who' is not the subject of this sentence, we cannot use an affirmative construction for this question. However, we could say: 'Who is Horatio?'.
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