As contrações (aren't, can't, I'd, you're...) em inglês
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As contrações (aren't, can't, I'd, you're...)
O -n't, apesar de ser muito utilizado na linguagem oral e escrita, em algumas ocasiões não é fácil de entender. Vejamos algumas contrações muito comuns:
Aren't, contração de are not
Can't, contração de cannot (observação: 'Cannot' sempre é uma só palavra)
Hadn't, contração de had not
Wasn't, contração de was not
Shouldn't, contração de should not
Isn't, contração de is not
Hasn't, contração de has not
Doesn't, contração de does not
Don't, contração de do not
Mustn't, contração de must not
Weren't, contração de were not
Wouldn't, contração de would not
Didn't, contração de did not
Os auxiliares to be e will frequentemente são usados em sua forma contraída:
I am
I'm
You are
You're
He/She/It is
He/She/It's
We are
We're
You are
You're
They are
They're
I will
I'll
You will
You'll
He/She/It will
He/She/It'll
We will
We'll
You will
You'll
They will
They'll
Observação: Existem algumas contrações irregulares:
Shan't, contração de shall not (utilizada raramente)
Won't, contração de will not
Observação: Nem todas as construções negativas se contraem na forma -n't:
I am not a liar ou I'm not a liar (Não sou um mentiroso.)
Note-se que na linguagem informal (ou gíria) I am not pode ser usado contraído I ain't.
Note-se que na linguagem informal (ou gíria) I am not pode ser usado contraído I ain't.
I may not arrive on time (Pode ser que eu não chegue a tempo)
Exercício 1
Fill in the blanks below with the correct contracted form. For example: Are not = Aren't
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Billy's parents always told him he amount to anything in life. ' too short, too weak and too ignorant to ever become someone great', say. A few years later, Billy won the State Lottery, and it matter that he was too short, too weak or too ignorant. He was rich!
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Billy's parents always told him he amount to anything in life. ' too short, too weak and too ignorant to ever become someone great', say. A few years later, Billy won the State Lottery, and it matter that he was too short, too weak or too ignorant. He was rich!
Fill in the blanks below with the correct contracted form. For example: Are not = Aren't
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Billy's parents always told him he [not done] wouldn't 1 amount to anything in life. '[not done] you're 2 too short, too weak and too ignorant to ever become someone great', [not done] they'd 3 say. A few years later, Billy won the State Lottery, and it [not done] didn't 4 matter that he was too short, too weak or too ignorant. He was rich!
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Billy's parents always told him he [not done] wouldn't 1 amount to anything in life. '[not done] you're 2 too short, too weak and too ignorant to ever become someone great', [not done] they'd 3 say. A few years later, Billy won the State Lottery, and it [not done] didn't 4 matter that he was too short, too weak or too ignorant. He was rich!
1 wouldn't: 'Wouldn't' is a regular contraction in the negative. To form contractions, we simply join the two words ('would' and 'not'), and replace the 'o' with an apostrophe.
2 you're: 'You're' is a contraction of the subject-verb combination 'you are'. To form contractions, we simply join the two words ('you' and 'are'), and replace the 'a' with an apostrophe.
3 they'd: 'Would' contracts irregularly with personal pronouns. In every case, only the letter 'd' is retained to form the contraction. Be careful! 'They'd' can also be the contraction for 'they had'.
4 didn't: 'Didn't' is a regular contraction in the negative. To form contractions, we simply join the two words ('did' and 'not'), and replace the 'o' with an apostrophe.
Exercício 2
Fill in the blanks below with the correct contracted form. For example: Are not = Aren't
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Kevin be able to take his vacation this year. He lost several thousand dollars in a bad investment. what happened: Kevin felt sick one day, so he went home. Before the day was over, begun to hallucinate. In the middle of his fever he called his investor and asked him to buy $3,000 worth of pig-intestine stocks. Later that week, a shipment of pig-intestines was hijacked somewhere off the Cuban coast. The value of the stock fell dramatically. Kevin lost all his money.
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Kevin be able to take his vacation this year. He lost several thousand dollars in a bad investment. what happened: Kevin felt sick one day, so he went home. Before the day was over, begun to hallucinate. In the middle of his fever he called his investor and asked him to buy $3,000 worth of pig-intestine stocks. Later that week, a shipment of pig-intestines was hijacked somewhere off the Cuban coast. The value of the stock fell dramatically. Kevin lost all his money.
Fill in the blanks below with the correct contracted form. For example: Are not = Aren't
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Kevin [not done] won't 1 be able to take his vacation this year. He lost several thousand dollars in a bad investment. [not done] Here's 2 what happened: Kevin felt sick one day, so he went home. Before the day was over, [not done] he'd 3 begun to hallucinate. In the middle of his fever he called his investor and asked him to buy $3,000 worth of pig-intestine stocks. Later that week, a shipment of pig-intestines was hijacked somewhere off the Cuban coast. The value of the stock fell dramatically. Kevin lost all his money.
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Kevin [not done] won't 1 be able to take his vacation this year. He lost several thousand dollars in a bad investment. [not done] Here's 2 what happened: Kevin felt sick one day, so he went home. Before the day was over, [not done] he'd 3 begun to hallucinate. In the middle of his fever he called his investor and asked him to buy $3,000 worth of pig-intestine stocks. Later that week, a shipment of pig-intestines was hijacked somewhere off the Cuban coast. The value of the stock fell dramatically. Kevin lost all his money.
1 won't: 'Won't' is the irregular contraction of 'will not'. Because it is an exception, it simply has to be remembered. There is no rule.
2 Here's: 'Here's' is the regular contraction of 'here is'. To form this contraction, we join the two words together and replace the 'i' with an apostrophe.
3 he'd: 'He'd' is the contracted form of 'he had'. 'He'd' would not be used in formal writing, but it is very common in speech and more 'friendly' emails. Note: 'He'd' is also the contracted form of 'he would'. Even if this might sound confusing, the grammatical context of a sentence usually makes it clear if 'he'd' is the contracted form of 'he had' or 'he would'.
Exercício 3
Replace the verbs in the text below with the correct negative form.
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary.
Bruno was raised by his grandfather Xavier. Xavier always gave Bruno advice when he was young. He used to say ' to be yourself, Bruno. You about what others think of you. If you listen to the critics, you any progress.' Towards the end of his life, Xavier began to say strange things like 'You fish on a Tuesday. If you do, you anyone until September.' Xavier had developed Alzheimer's disease, but to this day Bruno following his grandfather's advice.
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary.
Bruno was raised by his grandfather Xavier. Xavier always gave Bruno advice when he was young. He used to say ' to be yourself, Bruno. You about what others think of you. If you listen to the critics, you any progress.' Towards the end of his life, Xavier began to say strange things like 'You fish on a Tuesday. If you do, you anyone until September.' Xavier had developed Alzheimer's disease, but to this day Bruno following his grandfather's advice.
Replace the verbs in the text below with the correct negative form.
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary.
Bruno was raised by his grandfather Xavier. Xavier always gave Bruno advice when he was young. He used to say '[not done] Don't be afraid 1 to be yourself, Bruno. You [not done] can't worry 2 about what others think of you. If you listen to the critics, you [not done] won't make 3 any progress.' Towards the end of his life, Xavier began to say strange things like 'You [not done] shouldn't eat 4 fish on a Tuesday. If you do, you [not done] mustn't tell 5 anyone until September.' Xavier had developed Alzheimer's disease, but to this day Bruno [not done] hasn't stopped 6 following his grandfather's advice.
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary.
Bruno was raised by his grandfather Xavier. Xavier always gave Bruno advice when he was young. He used to say '[not done] Don't be afraid 1 to be yourself, Bruno. You [not done] can't worry 2 about what others think of you. If you listen to the critics, you [not done] won't make 3 any progress.' Towards the end of his life, Xavier began to say strange things like 'You [not done] shouldn't eat 4 fish on a Tuesday. If you do, you [not done] mustn't tell 5 anyone until September.' Xavier had developed Alzheimer's disease, but to this day Bruno [not done] hasn't stopped 6 following his grandfather's advice.
1 Don't be afraid: Both 'be afraid' and 'don't be afraid' are imperative constructions. To make an imperative construction negative, we add the negative auxiliary 'don't' or 'do not' in front of the entire expression ('be afraid').
2 can't worry: When forming negative constructions with an auxiliary (can) and a main verb (worried), 'not' is placed in between the two to make the statement negative. Here we use the contracted form to make the statement negative.
3 won't make: When forming negative constructions with an auxiliary (will) and a main verb (make), 'not' is placed in between the two to make the statement negative. In the contracted form 'will not' becomes 'won't'.
4 shouldn't eat: When forming negative constructions with an auxiliary (should) and a main verb (eat), 'not' is placed in between the two to make the statement negative. In the contracted form 'should not' becomes 'shouldn't'.
5 mustn't tell: When forming negative constructions with an auxiliary (must) and a main verb (tell), 'not' is placed in between the two to make the statement negative. In the contracted form 'must not' becomes 'mustn't'.
6 hasn't stopped: When forming negative constructions with a verb in a perfect tense (has stopped), 'not' is placed in between the auxiliary and the participle to make the statement negative. In the contracted form, 'has not' becomes 'hasn't'. The idiom 'to this day' indicates that Bruno continues to follow Xavier's advice currently (today).
Exercício 4
Put the auxiliaries below into their NEGATIVE, CONTRACTED forms
Example: 'I have read the email you sent me. --> I haven't read the email you sent me.
Remember to use contractions only!
Let me tell you about the accident. I seen the car coming and I get out of the way in time. I paying attention, and the people in the other car very attentive either. Normally I complain about this sort of thing, it's just that I really like being hit by cars. I suppose that the moral of the story is that blind people walk around alone on the streets because they see anything.
* A blind person is unable to see.
Example: 'I have read the email you sent me. --> I haven't read the email you sent me.
Remember to use contractions only!
Let me tell you about the accident. I seen the car coming and I get out of the way in time. I paying attention, and the people in the other car very attentive either. Normally I complain about this sort of thing, it's just that I really like being hit by cars. I suppose that the moral of the story is that blind people walk around alone on the streets because they see anything.
* A blind person is unable to see.
Put the auxiliaries below into their NEGATIVE, CONTRACTED forms
Example: 'I have read the email you sent me. --> I haven't read the email you sent me.
Remember to use contractions only!
Let me tell you about the accident. I [not done] hadn't 1 seen the car coming and I [not done] didn't 2 get out of the way in time. I [not done] wasn't 3 paying attention, and the people in the other car [not done] weren't 4 very attentive either. Normally I [not done] wouldn't 5 complain about this sort of thing, it's just that I really [not done] don't 6 like being hit by cars. I suppose that the moral of the story is that blind people [not done] shouldn't 7 walk around alone on the streets because they [not done] can't 8 see anything.
* A blind person is unable to see.
Example: 'I have read the email you sent me. --> I haven't read the email you sent me.
Remember to use contractions only!
Let me tell you about the accident. I [not done] hadn't 1 seen the car coming and I [not done] didn't 2 get out of the way in time. I [not done] wasn't 3 paying attention, and the people in the other car [not done] weren't 4 very attentive either. Normally I [not done] wouldn't 5 complain about this sort of thing, it's just that I really [not done] don't 6 like being hit by cars. I suppose that the moral of the story is that blind people [not done] shouldn't 7 walk around alone on the streets because they [not done] can't 8 see anything.
* A blind person is unable to see.
1 hadn't: To form a negative construction with an auxiliary (had) and a main verb (to see), 'not' is placed in between the two. 'Hadn't' is the contracted, negative form of the auxiliary. Using 'hadn't' here creates the past perfect tense (HAD + past participle).
2 didn't: To form a negative construction with an auxiliary (did) and a main verb (to get out), 'not' is placed in between the two. 'Didn't' is the contracted, negative form of the auxiliary.
3 wasn't: To form a negative construction with an auxiliary (was) and a main verb (to pay attention), 'not' is placed in between the two. 'Wasn't' is the contracted, negative form of the auxiliary. Using 'wasn't' here creates the past continuous tense.
4 weren't: To form a negative construction with a verb (were) and an adjective (attentive), 'not' is placed in between the two. 'Weren't' is the contracted, negative form of the auxiliary. Using 'weren't' here creates the past tense.
5 wouldn't: To form a negative construction with an auxiliary (would) and a main verb (to complain), 'not' is placed in between the two. 'Wouldn't' is the contracted, negative form of the auxiliary. Using 'wouldn't' here creates the conditional tense.
6 don't: To form a negative construction with an auxiliary (do) and a main verb (to like), 'not' is placed in between the two. 'Don't' is the contracted, negative form of the auxiliary.
7 shouldn't: To form a negative construction with an auxiliary (should) and a main verb (to walk), 'not' is placed in between the two. 'Shouldn't' is the contracted, negative form of the auxiliary.
8 can't: To form a negative construction with an auxiliary (can) and a main verb (to see), 'not' is placed in between the two. 'Can't' is the contracted, negative form of the auxiliary.
Exercício 5
Fill in the blanks below with the full, expanded version of the contraction.
For example: We aren't going to the park --> We are not going to the park.
decided that no longer accepting applications for this position. Furthermore, our company consider candidates without legal working papers. We simply take any risks. Plus, better watch out for the government because got their eyes on us!
For example: We aren't going to the park --> We are not going to the park.
decided that no longer accepting applications for this position. Furthermore, our company consider candidates without legal working papers. We simply take any risks. Plus, better watch out for the government because got their eyes on us!
Fill in the blanks below with the full, expanded version of the contraction.
For example: We aren't going to the park --> We are not going to the park.
[not done] We have 1 decided that [not done] we are 2 no longer accepting applications for this position. Furthermore, our company [not done] will not 3 consider candidates without legal working papers. We simply [not done] cannot 4 take any risks. Plus, [not done] we had 5 better watch out for the government because [not done] they have 6 got their eyes on us!
For example: We aren't going to the park --> We are not going to the park.
[not done] We have 1 decided that [not done] we are 2 no longer accepting applications for this position. Furthermore, our company [not done] will not 3 consider candidates without legal working papers. We simply [not done] cannot 4 take any risks. Plus, [not done] we had 5 better watch out for the government because [not done] they have 6 got their eyes on us!
1 We have: 'We've' is the contracted form of the subject/auxiliary combination 'we' and 'have'. To form contractions with the auxiliary (or main verb) 'have', we add the full subject to 've'.
2 we are: 'We're' is the contracted form of the subject/auxiliary combination 'we' and 'are'. We simply attach the two words 'we' and 'are', and replace the 'a' with an apostrophe (').
3 will not: 'Won't' is the irregular contraction of 'will not'. 'Won't' is a contraction that doesn't follow the normal rules of contraction, it simply must be memorized.
4 cannot: 'Can't' is the irregular contraction of 'cannot'. Note that 'cannot' is one word, and should not be written as two here!
5 we had: 'We'd' is the irregular contraction of 'we had'. Be careful, 'we'd' is also the contraction for 'we would'! 'We had better (watch out)' is an expression synonymous with 'we ought to' or 'we should': it expresses a conditional sentiment that someone 'should' act in a certain way.
6 they have: 'They've' is the contracted form of 'they' and the auxiliary 'have'. To form contractions with the auxiliary (or main verb) 'have', we add the full subject to 've'. 'They've got their eyes on us' is an example of the present perfect tense, a form which is often contracted in English.
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