O Past Perfect em inglês
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O Past Perfect
O Past Perfect é construído com had (passado de have) + particípio. Ele permite expressar uma ação que ocorreu antes de outra ação, estando as duas no passado. É usado para diferenciar a ordem das ações do passado:
When he had finished his trip around the world, Bruno started the San Francisco-based Delavigne Corporation. Depois de ter finalizado sua viagem ao redor do mundo, Bruno criou a empresa “Delavigne Corporation” com base em São Francisco.
I had finished my work before my parents went to bed. Eu tinha terminado meu trabalho antes que meus pais fossem dormir.
O Past Perfect também é usado em sua forma progressiva (had been doing sthg) para expressar que uma ação não havia sido terminada em um determinado momento no passado:
Before his car accident, Bruno had been working hard on creating new perfumes. Antes de seu acidente de carro, Bruno tinha estado trabalhando duro para criar novos perfumes.
I had been studying surgery for ten years when I decided to become a clown. Eu tinha estudado cirurgia por 10 anos, quando decidi me tornar palhaço.
Until 1990, the president had been working in the dairy industry. Até 1990, o presidente tinha trabalhado na indústria de laticínios.
Nota: Com frequência encontramos o Past Perfect acompanhado de FOR, em sua forma progressiva:
When Bruno got back to the States, he had been traveling for 7 years. Quando Bruno voltou aos Estados Unidos, tinha estado viajando por 7 anos.
Exercício 1
Conjugate the verbs in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb:
Yesterday, Philip Cheeter suddenly hungry. It was almost 2:00 in the afternoon, and it seemed to him that he hadn't anything in days. He to feel that if he did not eat something soon, he was going to faint. He Kevin in his office and asked him if he wanted to go to lunch. 'No, I my wallet this morning, so I can't go,' Kevin. 'Oh, that's too bad,' Philip. 'But, if you want to pay for me, I can you the money tomorrow,' Kevin. Philip long and hard. He that Kevin would never pay him the money. But he did not like to eat alone. 'Ok,' Philip finally , 'but you can't order the most expensive dish, like you the last time'. 'Sure, sure,' Kevin. And they .
Yesterday, Philip Cheeter suddenly hungry. It was almost 2:00 in the afternoon, and it seemed to him that he hadn't anything in days. He to feel that if he did not eat something soon, he was going to faint. He Kevin in his office and asked him if he wanted to go to lunch. 'No, I my wallet this morning, so I can't go,' Kevin. 'Oh, that's too bad,' Philip. 'But, if you want to pay for me, I can you the money tomorrow,' Kevin. Philip long and hard. He that Kevin would never pay him the money. But he did not like to eat alone. 'Ok,' Philip finally , 'but you can't order the most expensive dish, like you the last time'. 'Sure, sure,' Kevin. And they .
Conjugate the verbs in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb:
Yesterday, Philip Cheeter suddenly [not done] felt 1 hungry. It was almost 2:00 in the afternoon, and it seemed to him that he hadn't [not done] eaten 2 anything in days. He [not done] began 3 to feel that if he did not eat something soon, he was going to faint. He [not done] found 4 Kevin in his office and asked him if he wanted to go to lunch. 'No, I [not done] forgot 5 my wallet this morning, so I can't go,' [not done] said 6 Kevin. 'Oh, that's too bad,' [not done] answered 7 Philip. 'But, if you want to pay for me, I can [not done] give 8 you the money tomorrow,' [not done] declared 9 Kevin. Philip [not done] thought 10 long and hard. He [not done] knew 11 that Kevin would never pay him the money. But he did not like to eat alone. 'Ok,' Philip finally [not done] responded 12, 'but you can't order the most expensive dish, like you [not done] did 13 the last time'. 'Sure, sure,' [not done] said 14 Kevin. And they [not done] left 15.
Yesterday, Philip Cheeter suddenly [not done] felt 1 hungry. It was almost 2:00 in the afternoon, and it seemed to him that he hadn't [not done] eaten 2 anything in days. He [not done] began 3 to feel that if he did not eat something soon, he was going to faint. He [not done] found 4 Kevin in his office and asked him if he wanted to go to lunch. 'No, I [not done] forgot 5 my wallet this morning, so I can't go,' [not done] said 6 Kevin. 'Oh, that's too bad,' [not done] answered 7 Philip. 'But, if you want to pay for me, I can [not done] give 8 you the money tomorrow,' [not done] declared 9 Kevin. Philip [not done] thought 10 long and hard. He [not done] knew 11 that Kevin would never pay him the money. But he did not like to eat alone. 'Ok,' Philip finally [not done] responded 12, 'but you can't order the most expensive dish, like you [not done] did 13 the last time'. 'Sure, sure,' [not done] said 14 Kevin. And they [not done] left 15.
1 felt: Because we are speaking of the past (Yesterday), 'to feel' needs to be put in the past simple tense (preterit). To feel: I feel / I felt / I have felt.
2 eaten: Because it is preceded by 'hadn't', 'to eat' needs to be put in the past participle form. This forms the past perfect tense. To eat: I eat / I ate / I have eaten.
3 began: Because we are speaking of the past (Yesterday), 'to begin' needs to be put in the preterit tense. 'To begin' is an irregular verb: I begin / I began / I have begun.
4 found: Because we are speaking of the past (Yesterday), 'to find' needs to be put in the preterit tense. To find: I find / I found / I have found.
5 forgot: Because we are speaking of the past (this morning), 'to forget' needs to be put in the preterit tense. To forget: I forget/ I forgot/ I have forgotten.
6 said : Because we are speaking of the past (Yesterday), 'to say' needs to be put in the preterit tense. To say: I say/ I said/ I have said.
7 answered: Because we are speaking of the past (Yesterday), 'to answer' needs to be put in the preterit tense. 'To answer' is a regular verb.
8 give: Because it is preceded by 'can', 'to give' needs to stay in the infinitive, but we remove the 'to'. This is what happens after modal verbs like 'can', 'could', 'should' or 'must'. Examples: Bob could help you; Polly should see a doctor about that rash.
9 declared: Because we are speaking of the past (Yesterday), 'to declare' needs to be put in the preterit tense. 'To declare' is a regular verb.
10 thought: Because we are speaking of the past (Yesterday), 'to think' needs to be in the preterit tense. To think: I think/ I thought/ I have thought.
11 knew: Because we are speaking of the past (Yesterday), 'to know' needs to be put in the preterit tense. To know: I know/ I knew/ I have known.
12 responded: Because we are speaking of the past (Yesterday), 'to respond' needs to be put in the simple past tense. 'To respond' is a regular verb.
13 did : The phrase 'the last time' indicates that Kevin ordered the most expensive dish once, in the past, requiring the simple past tense form of the verb. We use the auxiliary here to replace 'ordered'. To do: I do/ I did/ I have done.
14 said: Because we are speaking of the past (Yesterday), 'to say' needs to be put in the preterit tense. To say: I say/ I said/ I have said.
15 left: Because we are speaking of the past (Yesterday), 'to leave' needs to be put in the preterit tense. To leave: leave/left/I have left.
Exercício 2
Josephine: I waiting in this line for over an hour.
Mildred: That's nothing. Last night, after I my shopping, I home to find my husband in bed with the maid.
Mildred: That's nothing. Last night, after I my shopping, I home to find my husband in bed with the maid.
Josephine: I have been 1 waiting in this line for over an hour.
Mildred: That's nothing. Last night, after I had finished 2 my shopping, I came 3 home to find my husband in bed with the maid.
Mildred: That's nothing. Last night, after I had finished 2 my shopping, I came 3 home to find my husband in bed with the maid.
1 have been: 'I have been waiting' is an example of the present perfect continuous tense. Using it here tells us that Josephine has already waited an hour in the line and that she continues to do so even right now. The present perfect continuous is used to describe a past action which began in the past and continues into the present.
1 had been: We do not use the past perfect (had been) here because Josephine is speaking of the present. 'I had been doing something' can be used when narrating a past event, however because Josephine is still waiting in line, the past perfect can't be used here.
1 am: 'I am waiting' can only be used in the intransitive form, and cannot be followed by an indication of time, as in this case.
2 had finished: Because this first clause is talking about a past event that occurred 'before' the other past action (Mildred coming home), we must use the past perfect (had finished). The past perfect tense is used to situate one past action before another.
2 have finished: We cannot use 'have finished' (the present perfect) because Mildred is speaking about the past. The present perfect can't be used to describe a past action which occurred before another past action.
2 have been finishing: We cannot use 'have been finishing' (the present perfect progressive) because Mildred is speaking about the past.
3 came: The simple past tense is often used to complete a construction which uses the past perfect tense to situate one past action before another. Mildred is expressing that after the first action had finished (Mildred's shopping) a second action occurred (she came home and found her husband in bed with the maid).
3 had come: We cannot use the past perfect (had come) here, because the action of Mildred returning home doesn't occur before the other past action (Mildred finishing her shopping).
3 have been coming: We cannot use 'have been coming' (the present perfect progressive) because Mildred is speaking a single completed action in the past.
Exercício 3
When Horatio into work yesterday, it was clear that he scotch that morning. Needless to say, he back home.
When Horatio came 1 into work yesterday, it was clear that he had been drinking 2 scotch that morning. Needless to say, he was sent 3 back home.
1 came: The simple past tense is often used to complete a construction which uses the past perfect tense to situate one past action before another. This sentence expresses that before Horatio arrived at work, he had been drinking.
1 had come: We cannot use the past perfect (had come) here because the action does not precede another action.
1 had been coming: We cannot use the past perfect progressive (had been coming) here because the action does not precede another action.
2 had been drinking: Because this action precedes the first past action (Horatio coming into work) we must use the past perfect progressive (had been drinking).
2 has been drinking: Because the action is taking place in the past we cannot use the present perfect progressive (has been drinking) here.
2 drank: Because this action precedes the first past action, we cannot use the simple preterit form.
3 was sent: We must use the passive voice in the past tense here. Horatio is not sending himself home, but he has been sent home. The passive voice is used when the subject (Horatio) receives the action of a verb (being sent home).
3 was sending: 'Was sending' does not make sense in this construction. We must use the passive voice.
3 sent: We cannot use the active voice here, because Horatio is receiving the action of being sent home. We must use the passive voice.
Exercício 4
Fill in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb:
Once I had the package, I it was too late. I had with many boyfriends before, but I had never it upon myself to send them a box full of voodoo dolls until then.
Once I had the package, I it was too late. I had with many boyfriends before, but I had never it upon myself to send them a box full of voodoo dolls until then.
Fill in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb:
Once I had [not done] sent 1 the package, I [not done] knew 2 it was too late. I had [not done] broken up 3 with many boyfriends before, but I had never [not done] taken 4 it upon myself to send them a box full of voodoo dolls until then.
Once I had [not done] sent 1 the package, I [not done] knew 2 it was too late. I had [not done] broken up 3 with many boyfriends before, but I had never [not done] taken 4 it upon myself to send them a box full of voodoo dolls until then.
1 sent: Because the main verb (to send) is preceded by the preterit auxiliary 'had', we must use the past perfect tense (I had sent), which uses the past participle form of the main verb (sent). The past perfect tense is used to situate one past action which occurred before another.
2 knew: We often use the simple past tense to complete constructions which use the past perfect tense. Here the first verb (had sent) tells us about a past action which was done before the second action (knowing it was to late).
3 broken up: Because the main verb (to break up) is preceded by the preterit auxiliary 'had', we must use the past perfect tense (I had broken up), which uses the past participle form (broken). 'To break up' is a phrasal verb meaning to end a romantic relationship. The past perfect tense is used to situate one past action which occurred before another.
4 taken: Because the main verb (to take) is preceded by the preterit auxiliary 'had', we must use the past perfect tense (I had taken), which uses the past participle form (taken). 'To take (something) upon oneself' means to take some initiative or to charge oneself with a task.
Exercício 5
Fill in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb.
When he was a boy, Bob a lot of his time alone with his mother. His father all over the country, delivering tractor engines to farmers. He a fighter pilot in the war, but when he back home he no longer had a job. So the family their home to buy an airplane. While his father was making deliveries, Bob and his mother would sleep in churches and abandoned buildings.
When he was a boy, Bob a lot of his time alone with his mother. His father all over the country, delivering tractor engines to farmers. He a fighter pilot in the war, but when he back home he no longer had a job. So the family their home to buy an airplane. While his father was making deliveries, Bob and his mother would sleep in churches and abandoned buildings.
Fill in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb.
When he was a boy, Bob [not done] spent 1 a lot of his time alone with his mother. His father [not done] flew 2 all over the country, delivering tractor engines to farmers. He [not done] had been 3 a fighter pilot in the war, but when he [not done] got 4 back home he no longer had a job. So the family [not done] sold 5 their home to buy an airplane. While his father was making deliveries, Bob and his mother would sleep in churches and abandoned buildings.
When he was a boy, Bob [not done] spent 1 a lot of his time alone with his mother. His father [not done] flew 2 all over the country, delivering tractor engines to farmers. He [not done] had been 3 a fighter pilot in the war, but when he [not done] got 4 back home he no longer had a job. So the family [not done] sold 5 their home to buy an airplane. While his father was making deliveries, Bob and his mother would sleep in churches and abandoned buildings.
1 spent: Because we are speaking about the past (when Bob was a boy), we can use the past simple tense (preterit). To spend: I spend / I spent / I have spent. In this case, the simple past expresses 'habit in the past' and doesn't describe a single completed action as it often does. In this construction, 'When he was a boy, Bob spent...' expresses the same meaning as 'when he was a boy, Bob USED TO spend...'
2 flew: Because we are speaking about the past (when Bob was younger), we must use the past simple tense. To fly: I fly / I flew / I have flown. In this case, the simple past expresses 'habit in the past' and doesn't describe a single completed action as it often does. This construction expresses the same meaning as 'Bob's father USED TO fly...'
3 had been: The past perfect tense (he had been) can be used here. It uses the past participle form of 'to be' (I am / I was / I have been). The Past perfect is used to clearly define the sequence of events in the past by showing that one event happened before another event. In this exercise, the fact that Bob's father was a fighter pilot BEFORE returning home and not having a job is made very clear.
4 got: Because we are speaking about the past (when Bob was a boy), we must use the past simple tense (preterit). To get: I get / I got / I have gotten (US), got (UK). Usually 'I have got' is understood to mean 'I have' or 'I must'. For example: 'I've got six cars': 'I own six cars'; or 'I've got to go see my sister': 'I need to go see my sister'.
5 sold: Because we are speaking about the past (when Bob was a boy), we must use the past simple tense (preterit). To sell: I sell / I sold / I have sold.
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