Common tenses: present, past, and future
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Common tenses: present, past, and future
在英语里怎么表达下列主要时态:
• 现在时:
- 简单现在时，永恒的真理和习惯:
• 现在时:
- 简单现在时，永恒的真理和习惯:
Winter begins December 21st. 冬季开始于12月21日。
Icarus works from 8 to 6 every day.伊卡洛斯每天从8点工作到6点。
Icarus works from 8 to 6 every day.伊卡洛斯每天从8点工作到6点。
- 现在进行时(be+以-ing结尾的动词)，如果动作正在进行中:
The children are playing in the garden.孩子们正在花园里玩耍。
What are you doing? 你在做什么？
What are you doing? 你在做什么？
• 过去时:
- 简单过去时(动词+-ed结尾，规则动词)表示一个完成了的动作:
- 简单过去时(动词+-ed结尾，规则动词)表示一个完成了的动作:
I finished my homework five minutes ago.我五分钟前完成了我的作业。
We went to France last summer. 我们去年夏天去了法国。
We went to France last summer. 我们去年夏天去了法国。
- 在过去进行时中，动作在过去时间内正在进行:
When the boss arrived, I was sleeping on my desk.当老板进来时，我正在桌子上睡觉。
• 将来时:
- 在简单将来时中，通常使用助动词will:
- 在简单将来时中，通常使用助动词will:
Tomorrow I will go and buy stamps.明天我会去买邮票。
The train won't arrive on time.火车不会准时到了。
The train won't arrive on time.火车不会准时到了。
- 将来进行时表达了一个在将来时间中正在进行的动作：
At this time tomorrow, we will be surfing the waves of the Indian ocean. 明天的这个时候，我们会在印度洋的海浪上冲浪。
- 最近将来时，使用be going to的表达法，表示一个意图或者一种信念:
I am going to call him, I can't wait anymore. Pass me the telephone!我马上给他打电话，我不能再等了。递给我电话！
练习 1
Philip with a different person every week. Sometimes he them, and sometimes they the police.
Philip flirts 1 with a different person every week. Sometimes he kisses 2 them, and sometimes they call 3 the police.
1 flirts: The third person, present tense form of the verb 'to flirt' is 'flirts'. We use the simple present tense to describe regular or habitual actions. In this exercise, 'every week' indicates that Philip flirts regularly.
1 flirt: In the present tense, the third person form of all regular verbs requires an 's' at the end. Philip 'flirts' with many different people.
1 to flirt: 'To flirt' is the infinitive form of the verb. We must conjugate the verb in this construction!
1 flirting: Because this is not an action in progress, we would not use the present progressive tense here. Also there is no auxiliary, which is required for the present progressive tense.
2 kisses: The third person, present tense form of the verb 'to kiss' is 'kisses'. We use the simple present tense to describe regular or habitual actions. In this sentence, the term 'sometimes' indicates that Philip kisses people regularly.
2 kiss: In the present tense, the third person form of all regular verbs requires an 's' at the end. Philip 'kisses' different people.
2 is kissing: Progressive (or 'continuous') tenses are used to describe actions 'in progress'. Example: I am calling my mother right now, as we speak. This tense shouldn't be used to describe an action which occurs regularly.
3 call: The third person plural, present tense form of the verb 'to call' is 'call'. We use the simple present tense to describe regular or habitual actions (or in this case occasional actions). In this sentence, the term 'sometimes' indicates that people 'call' the police occasionally.
3 calls: Most regular verbs require an 's' in the present tense, however this is not the case in the plural form. 'They calls' is grammatically incorrect.
3 are calling: Progressive (or 'continuous') tenses are used to describe actions 'in progress'. Example: I am calling my mother right now, as we speak. This tense shouldn't be used to describe an action which occurs regularly.
练习 2
Bruno a few people every year.
Bruno fires a few people every year.
fires: The third person form of the verb 'to fire' is 'fires' in the simple present tense. 'To fire' someone is to end their employment. The simple present tense is used to describe regular or habitual actions. 'Every year' indicates that Bruno fires a few people 'regularly'.
fire: In the present tense, the third person form of most regular verbs requires an 's' at the end.
to fire: 'To fire' is the infinitive form of the verb. We must conjugate the verb in this construction!
练习 3
These days, Icarus Quincy a software program to calculate Delavigne's budget. He use a calculator years ago, but he doesn't anymore, because the equations he performs are too advanced for a simple calculator. By now, Icarus his new program, and prefers it to his old method of calculation.
These days, Icarus Quincy uses 1 a software program to calculate Delavigne's budget. He used to 2 use a calculator years ago, but he doesn't anymore, because the equations he performs are too advanced for a simple calculator. By now, Icarus is used to 3 his new program, and prefers it to his old method of calculation.
1 uses: 'Uses' is the third person form of the verb 'to use' in the present tense. It is the best choice in this case as the phrase 'these days' indicates an action in the present tense. NOTE: we can use either the simple present tense OR the present progressive tense in this construction: These days Icarus IS USING a new software program...'
1 use: 'Use' in the third person form of the present tense requires an 's' at the end of the word.
1 used: Because the phrase 'these days' refers to a present tense time period, we must use a verb in the present tense to agree with the time frame of the action.
1 used to: When followed by an infinitive verb, 'used to' expresses an idea of habit or repetition in the past. It does not make sense to use it here.
2 used to: When followed by an infinitive verb, 'used to' expresses an idea of habit or repetition in the past. We can differentiate 'used to (do something)' from 'to be used to (doing something)' by the verb which follows each expression. When followed by a verb in its infinitive form (without 'to'), 'used to' indicates a regular or habitual action in the past. When followed by a verb in the progressive (ING) form 'used to' indicates the idea of being accustomed to something. Also someone 'used to' do something, but they 'ARE used to doing something'.
2 is used to: 'To be used to something' expresses an idea of being accustomed to something. It does not make sense to use it here.
2 use to: The expression 'used to' is always expressed in the past tense form, so it requires a 'd' at the end of the word.
3 is used to: 'To be used to something' expresses the idea of being accustomed to something. The verb 'used' is always put in the past tense form, however the verb 'to be' is conjugated according to the context and tense of the sentence.
3 was used to: Because of the phrase 'by now' we know that the verb 'to be' must be put in the present tense form. Note: the verb 'used' is always put in the past tense in the expression 'to be used to (doing) something'.
3 is using to: In the expression 'to be used to', the verb 'used' is always written in the past tense form. We should not add '-ing' to the verb in this case. The only part of the expression which depends on the context of the sentence is 'to be', which in this particular expression is put in the simple present tense.
练习 4
I don't know if Susie able to make it to the party next Friday. She me yesterday that she had a prior engagement. I what it is.
I don't know if Susie will be 1 able to make it to the party next Friday. She told 2 me yesterday that she had a prior engagement. I wonder 3 what it is.
1 will be: We use the future tense construction 'will be' because Susie's possible attendance of the party will take place in the future (Friday night). The simple future tense is formed with the auxiliary 'will' and the infinitive form of the main verb (will be able). 'To be able to do something' describes the capacity or capability of doing something.
1 were: The past tense form 'were' is incorrect because this action will take place in the future: 'Friday night.'
1 was: Given that this party takes place in the future (next Friday), it doesn't make sense to use the past tense here. A better choice would be the simple future tense: she will be able...
2 told: 'She told me yesterday' is the correct choice here because the action takes place in the past, as indicated by the term 'yesterday'.
2 tells: 'She tells me yesterday' is incorrect because we know the action takes place in the past, and so we must use the past-tense form of the verb 'to tell'.
2 is telling: 'She is telling me yesterday' is incorrect because this action does not take place in the present, but in the past.
2 telled: The verb 'to tell' is irregular and cannot be conjugated as 'telled' in any tense. To tell: tell/told/told.
3 wonder: 'I wonder' is the correct choice here. In this case we use the simple present tense to express that the action of 'wondering' is taking place in the present.
3 wondering: 'Wondering' is incorrect because this form of the verb requires the auxiliary verb 'am' to precede it. (I am wondering)
3 wondered: Using a past tense form of the verb doesn't agree with the other verb ('is') in this construction. We must use the simple present tense here.
练习 5
Many years ago, Horatio Oléré in the jungles of the Amazon during the rainy season. His parents, Christobal and Maria Luz, by Horatio's enormous nose. Right away, they that their baby would be very special.
Many years ago, Horatio Oléré was born 1 in the jungles of the Amazon during the rainy season. His parents, Christobal and Maria Luz, were surprised 2 by Horatio's enormous nose. Right away, they knew 3 that their baby would be very special.
1 was born: In English, 'I was born' is always expressed in the passive voice.
1 is born: This construction requires the past simple tense in English. We would say 'I was born'.
2 were surprised: The passive voice is required for constructions such as this one. Horatio's parents 'were surprised'.
2 are surprised: Although this is a passive form of the verb, we must put the auxiliary into the past tense.
2 surprise: We cannot use 'surprise' in this construction because it is followed by 'by'. We must use the passive voice here.
3 knew: 'Knew' is the best choice here. The verb simply needs to be put in its past tense form and to be followed by 'that'. This action took place in the past, and so we use the simple past tense to describe it.
3 are known: There is no need to use the passive voice here. It is grammatically incorrect to use it in this case.
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