Forming negative constructions
理解语法是理解一门语言的关键。
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Forming negative constructions
否定结构的构成，根据使用助动词(be, have, will, can,等)或普通动词而有所不同。
• 如果动词为助动词，否定结构中与not(或者缩写-n't)一同构成，而不带助动词'do/does/did':
• 如果动词为助动词，否定结构中与not(或者缩写-n't)一同构成，而不带助动词'do/does/did':
She cannot know the truth. 她不可能知道这个真相。
I am not ready yet. 我还没有准备好。
They won't come. 他们不会来。
缩写-n't (isn't, aren't, doesn't, don't, won't, can't...)经常在英语口语中使用。而使用与动词独立的not使得我们能够强调句子中的否定义:
Is Bruno home? No, he is NOT (at home). 布鲁诺在家吗？不，他不在家。
• 如果动词为普通动词，使用助动词do/does/did来组成否定形式:
He does not (或doesn't) play rugby. 他不打棒球。
They didn't go to the theater yesterday. 他们明天不去剧院。
注意:
普通动词to do也同样与助动词do/does/did一起变位:
普通动词to do也同样与助动词do/does/did一起变位:
He doesn't do his work properly. 他没有正确地完成他的作业。
You didn't do my laundry. 你没有给我洗衣服。
否定形式也可以由副词never构成，这个词本身就有否定含义:
I have never seen the Eiffel Tower. 我从来没参观过艾佛尔铁塔。
练习 1
My mother like your dress. But that's okay, because you know and I know that you look great. We need her approval anyway.
My mother doesn't 1 like your dress. But that's okay, because you know and I know that you look great. We don't 2 need her approval anyway.
1 doesn't: This is the best choice here. 'Doesn't (does not) like' is the correct negative construction. The word 'not' is used in between the auxiliary and the main verb to complete the negative construction. Example: I have not helped you, I haven't helped you.
1 no: 'No' cannot express negation followed by the verb 'like'. This sentence requires an auxiliary verb (does or does not) to be grammatically correct.
1 not: 'He not like' is grammatically incorrect. We must use an auxiliary verb (does) followed by 'not' in order to create the negation this construction.
1 don't: 'Don't' can be used as an auxiliary in a negative sentence, but in this case the subject 'My mother' (or 'she') requires the third person singular form of the auxiliary: 'doesn't'.
2 don't: 'Don't (do not) need' is the correct negative construction. The word 'not' is used in between the auxiliary and the main verb to form a negative construction with a regular verb. Example: Those bananas don't look very nice.
2 doesn't: 'Doesn't' can be used as an auxiliary in a negative sentence, but in this case the subject 'we' requires the first person plural form of the auxiliary: 'we don't'.
2 no: 'No' cannot express negation followed by the verb 'need'. Also, this sentence requires an auxiliary.
2 not: 'We not need' is grammatically incorrect. We must use an auxiliary followed by 'not' in order to express the negation in a construction like this.
练习 2
Replace the verbs in the text below with the correct negative form.
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary.
Icarus wakes up early every morning. 'You to be late', Icarus always says. 'Life for the lazy'. He is usually awake before the sun rises. He coffee, though. 'Caffeine perverts the brain's natural synapse rate', he says. 'Would you like a cup of coffee sir?' they say to him at the café. 'No thanks', says Icarus, 'I caffeine to stay on top of the world'!
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary.
Icarus wakes up early every morning. 'You to be late', Icarus always says. 'Life for the lazy'. He is usually awake before the sun rises. He coffee, though. 'Caffeine perverts the brain's natural synapse rate', he says. 'Would you like a cup of coffee sir?' they say to him at the café. 'No thanks', says Icarus, 'I caffeine to stay on top of the world'!
Replace the verbs in the text below with the correct negative form.
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary.
Icarus wakes up early every morning. 'You [not done] can't afford 1 to be late', Icarus always says. 'Life [not done] won't wait 2 for the lazy'. He is usually awake before the sun rises. He [not done] doesn't drink 3 coffee, though. 'Caffeine perverts the brain's natural synapse rate', he says. 'Would you like a cup of coffee sir?' they say to him at the café. 'No thanks', says Icarus, 'I [not done] don't need 4 caffeine to stay on top of the world'!
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary.
Icarus wakes up early every morning. 'You [not done] can't afford 1 to be late', Icarus always says. 'Life [not done] won't wait 2 for the lazy'. He is usually awake before the sun rises. He [not done] doesn't drink 3 coffee, though. 'Caffeine perverts the brain's natural synapse rate', he says. 'Would you like a cup of coffee sir?' they say to him at the café. 'No thanks', says Icarus, 'I [not done] don't need 4 caffeine to stay on top of the world'!
1 can't afford: When forming negative constructions with an auxiliary (can) and a main verb (afford), 'not' is placed in between the two. Here we use the contracted form to make the statement negative.
2 won't wait: When forming negative constructions with an auxiliary (will) and a main verb (wait), 'not' is placed in between the two. In the contracted form 'will not' becomes 'won't'.
3 doesn't drink: When forming a negative construction with a regular verb (drink), we generally add a conjugated form of the auxiliary 'do' followed by 'not'. Because the subject is 'he', we say: 'He does not drink coffee' or 'He doesn't drink coffee'.
4 don't need: When forming a negative construction with a regular verb (need), we usually add a conjugated form of the auxiliary 'do' followed by 'not'. Because the subject is 'I', we say: 'I do not need caffeine' or 'I don't need caffeine'.
练习 3
Bruno: Hey Susie. Would you like to grab a drink after work?
Susie: . I have an appointment with the mayor.
Bruno: Oh! I had no idea. I thought you had finished that project.
Susie: ! But I received a call from the mayor's office this morning.
Bruno: I if I like this very much.
Susie: , but there's not much I can do to avoid it.
Susie: . I have an appointment with the mayor.
Bruno: Oh! I had no idea. I thought you had finished that project.
Susie: ! But I received a call from the mayor's office this morning.
Bruno: I if I like this very much.
Susie: , but there's not much I can do to avoid it.
Bruno: Hey Susie. Would you like to grab a drink after work?
Susie: I can't 1. I have an appointment with the mayor.
Bruno: Oh! I had no idea. I thought you had finished that project.
Susie: So did I 2! But I received a call from the mayor's office this morning.
Bruno: I don't know 3 if I like this very much.
Susie: Neither do I 4, but there's not much I can do to avoid it.
Susie: I can't 1. I have an appointment with the mayor.
Bruno: Oh! I had no idea. I thought you had finished that project.
Susie: So did I 2! But I received a call from the mayor's office this morning.
Bruno: I don't know 3 if I like this very much.
Susie: Neither do I 4, but there's not much I can do to avoid it.
1 I can't: This is the best choice here. 'Can't' is the contracted form of 'cannot', which is the negative construction used with 'can'.
1 I not can: 'Not' is never used directly after the subject and before the verb.
1 I can't not: 'I can't not' (I cannot not) forms a double negative, which is grammatically incorrect in English.
1 I'm not can: We do not use an auxiliary (am), when using 'can' in negative constructions.
2 So did I: The auxiliary construction 'So did I' is used to show agreement. We use 'did' here because Susie is responding to Bruno's statement 'I thought you finished'. Because there is not an auxiliary in this original statement, we use 'do' conjugated in the past tense.
2 So do I: Because 'thought' in the Bruno's original statement is in the past tense, we cannot use 'do' in the present tense.
2 So am I: Because Bruno did not use the verb 'am' in his original statement, we cannot use it in the response.
2 So thought I: We never use regular verbs (thought) in the construction 'so do I'. We only use auxiliaries (be, do, could, will, etc.).
3 don't know: When forming a negative construction with a regular verb (know), we usually add a conjugated form of the auxiliary 'do' followed by 'not'. 'Don't' is the contracted form of 'do not'.
3 know not: Because 'know' is a regular verb, we must use an auxiliary to form the negation.
3 do know not: When we have an auxiliary and a regular verb, 'not' is placed in between the two.
3 known't: 'Known't' is grammatically incorrect. Because 'know' is a regular verb, we must use an auxiliary to form the negation.
4 Neither do I: The auxiliary construction 'Neither do I' is used to show agreement with a negative sentiment. We use 'do' here because Susie is responding to Bruno's statement 'I don't know if I like this'. The auxiliary 'do' is used in agreement with 'don't' in Bruno's statement.
4 Neither know I: We never use regular verbs (know) in the construction 'neither do I'. We only use auxiliaries (be, do, could, will, etc.).
4 Neither did I: Because 'don't' in Bruno's original statement is in the present tense, we cannot use 'did' in the past tense.
4 Neither am I: Because Bruno did not use the verb 'am' in his original statement, we cannot use it in the response.
练习 4
Replace the verbs in the text below with the correct negative form.
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary.
Bruno was raised by his grandfather Xavier. Xavier always gave Bruno advice when he was young. He used to say ' to be yourself, Bruno. You about what others think of you. If you listen to the critics, you any progress.' Towards the end of his life, Xavier began to say strange things like 'You fish on a Tuesday. If you do, you anyone until September.' Xavier had developed Alzheimer's disease, but to this day Bruno following his grandfather's advice.
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary.
Bruno was raised by his grandfather Xavier. Xavier always gave Bruno advice when he was young. He used to say ' to be yourself, Bruno. You about what others think of you. If you listen to the critics, you any progress.' Towards the end of his life, Xavier began to say strange things like 'You fish on a Tuesday. If you do, you anyone until September.' Xavier had developed Alzheimer's disease, but to this day Bruno following his grandfather's advice.
Replace the verbs in the text below with the correct negative form.
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary.
Bruno was raised by his grandfather Xavier. Xavier always gave Bruno advice when he was young. He used to say '[not done] Don't be afraid 1 to be yourself, Bruno. You [not done] can't worry 2 about what others think of you. If you listen to the critics, you [not done] won't make 3 any progress.' Towards the end of his life, Xavier began to say strange things like 'You [not done] shouldn't eat 4 fish on a Tuesday. If you do, you [not done] mustn't tell 5 anyone until September.' Xavier had developed Alzheimer's disease, but to this day Bruno [not done] hasn't stopped 6 following his grandfather's advice.
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary.
Bruno was raised by his grandfather Xavier. Xavier always gave Bruno advice when he was young. He used to say '[not done] Don't be afraid 1 to be yourself, Bruno. You [not done] can't worry 2 about what others think of you. If you listen to the critics, you [not done] won't make 3 any progress.' Towards the end of his life, Xavier began to say strange things like 'You [not done] shouldn't eat 4 fish on a Tuesday. If you do, you [not done] mustn't tell 5 anyone until September.' Xavier had developed Alzheimer's disease, but to this day Bruno [not done] hasn't stopped 6 following his grandfather's advice.
1 Don't be afraid: Both 'be afraid' and 'don't be afraid' are imperative constructions. To make an imperative construction negative, we add the negative auxiliary 'don't' or 'do not' in front of the entire expression ('be afraid').
2 can't worry: When forming negative constructions with an auxiliary (can) and a main verb (worried), 'not' is placed in between the two to make the statement negative. Here we use the contracted form to make the statement negative.
3 won't make: When forming negative constructions with an auxiliary (will) and a main verb (make), 'not' is placed in between the two to make the statement negative. In the contracted form 'will not' becomes 'won't'.
4 shouldn't eat: When forming negative constructions with an auxiliary (should) and a main verb (eat), 'not' is placed in between the two to make the statement negative. In the contracted form 'should not' becomes 'shouldn't'.
5 mustn't tell: When forming negative constructions with an auxiliary (must) and a main verb (tell), 'not' is placed in between the two to make the statement negative. In the contracted form 'must not' becomes 'mustn't'.
6 hasn't stopped: When forming negative constructions with a verb in a perfect tense (has stopped), 'not' is placed in between the auxiliary and the participle to make the statement negative. In the contracted form, 'has not' becomes 'hasn't'. The idiom 'to this day' indicates that Bruno continues to follow Xavier's advice currently (today).
练习 5
Replace the verbs in the text below with the correct negative form.
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary
Luna: Hello you have reached the office voice mail box of Luna DeLune. I in the office right now, or I the phone. Please to leave me a message, and I'll get back to you as soon as possible.
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary
Luna: Hello you have reached the office voice mail box of Luna DeLune. I in the office right now, or I the phone. Please to leave me a message, and I'll get back to you as soon as possible.
Replace the verbs in the text below with the correct negative form.
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary
Luna: Hello you have reached the office voice mail box of Luna DeLune. I [not done] am not 1 in the office right now, or I [not done] can't answer 2 the phone. Please [not done] don't hesitate 3 to leave me a message, and I'll get back to you as soon as possible.
Be careful! Some negative forms require an auxiliary
Luna: Hello you have reached the office voice mail box of Luna DeLune. I [not done] am not 1 in the office right now, or I [not done] can't answer 2 the phone. Please [not done] don't hesitate 3 to leave me a message, and I'll get back to you as soon as possible.
1 am not: To make this construction negative, we simply add 'not' after the verb 'to be'. 'To be' is one of the few verbs which is not contracted with the 'n't' form.
2 can't answer: When forming negative constructions with an auxiliary (can) and a main verb (answer), 'not' is placed in between the two to make the statement negative. Here we use the contracted form to make the statement negative.
3 don't hesitate: When forming a negative construction with a regular verb (hesitate), we generally add a conjugated form of the auxiliary 'do' followed by 'not'. Note that this is an imperative construction, which can be made negative by adding the negative auxiliary 'don't' or 'do not' in front of the entire expression.
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