Forming contractions (aren't, can't, I'd, you're, etc.)
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Forming contractions (aren't, can't, I'd, you're, etc.)
以-n't结尾的缩写经常在英语口语和书面语中使用，但是有时候并不好理解！下列有一些最常用的缩写:
Aren't,是are not的缩写
Can't,是cannot的缩写(注意:'Cannot'通常写成一个单词)
Hadn't,是had not的缩写
Wasn't,是was not的缩写
Shouldn't,是should not的缩写
Isn't,是is not的缩写
Hasn't,是has not的缩写
Doesn't,是does not的缩写
Don't,是do not的缩写
Mustn't,是must not的缩写
Weren't,是were not的缩写
Wouldn't,是would not的缩写
Didn't,是did not的缩写
助动词to be和will经常被缩写:
I am
I'm
You are
You're
He/She/It is
He/She/It's
We are
We're
You are
You're
They are
They're
I will
I'll
You will
You'll
He/She/It will
He/She/It'll
We will
We'll
You will
You'll
They will
They'll
注意:某些缩写是不规则的:
Shan't,是shall not的缩写(很少用)
Won't,是will not的缩写
注意:不是所有的否定式结构缩写都是用-n't :
I am not a liar变成了I'm not a liar我不是一个骗子。
注意俚语里,I am not也可缩写为I ain't。
注意俚语里,I am not也可缩写为I ain't。
I may not arrive on time 我可能不能准时到达了。('May not'不能缩写)
练习 1
Last month, Bruno and Stink late for their appointment with the veterinarian. When they finally , the doctor was furious with them. She to Bruno: ' so irresponsible! time for you to grow up.' Then she gave out two injections of morphine: one for Stink and one for herself, and said goodbye.
Last month, Bruno and Stink were 1 late for their appointment with the veterinarian. When they finally arrived 2, the doctor was furious with them. She said 3 to Bruno: 'You're 4 so irresponsible! It's 5 time for you to grow up.' Then she gave out two injections of morphine: one for Stink and one for herself, and said goodbye.
1 were: It is the third person plural, preterit form of the verb 'to be'. 'They were late' indicates that Bruno and Stink arrived late to their appointment in the past (last month). Example: We were ready for the party at 10pm.
1 was: 'Was' refers to a singular subject, but the subject here (Bruno and Stink) is plural.
1 can: 'Can' is an auxiliary, or a verb which expresses capacity. We cannot say that someone 'can late for an appointment'.
1 had: 'To have' is a verb which expresses possession or necessity. We cannot say that someone 'has late for an appointment'.
2 arrived: The verb 'to arrive' must be put into the simple past tense form here. Because this action takes place in the past (last month), we use the preterit form of the verb. Example: Last Christmas, I received 300 presents.
2 arrive: Because this action takes place in the past tense (last month) we cannot use the present tense form of the verb 'to arrive'.
2 arriving: Because this action takes place in the past tense (last month) we cannot use the present progressive form of the verb 'to arrive'. Progressive tenses are generally used to describe actions in progress.
2 will arrive: The future tense is inappropriate here because this action takes place in the past, as indicated by the phrase 'last month'.
3 said: We must put the verb 'to say' (an irregular verb) in the past simple tense (preterit) here because this action takes place in the past (last month). The simple past tense is used to describe single, completed actions in the past. To say: say/said/have said.
3 say: We cannot use the present simple tense here because the action takes place in the past.
3 says: We cannot use the present simple tense here because the action takes place in the past.
3 has said: The present perfect tense is generally used to describe an action which began in the past and continues into the present moment. It can't be used describe a completed action in the past.
4 You're: This is the correct way to contract the subject-verb combination 'You are', which this sentence requires. Example: You're the best dog in the whole world.
4 Your: 'Your', without an apostrophe, is actually a possessive pronoun, and not a contraction.
4 You were: We cannot use the past simple tense here. Although this action takes place in the past, this particular construction requires the present tense conjugation of the verb 'to be'. The veterinarian is not saying that Bruno was irresponsible at a particular time in the past, but rather that Bruno is irresponsible in general.
5 It's: This is the correct contraction of the subject-verb combination 'It is'. The verb 'to be' is conjugated here in the present simple tense because the doctor is making an imperative statement about Bruno in the present tense. "It's time for you to grow up" means "You should become more mature now".
5 It was: We cannot conjugate the verb 'to be' in the past tense here because the construction requires a present tense form of the verb.
5 Its: 'Its', without an apostrophe, is a possessive pronoun, and not a contraction.
练习 2
It's been abandoned since the earthquake of 1989.
What makes up the contraction it's?
What makes up the contraction it's?
It's been abandoned since the earthquake of 1989.
What makes up the contraction it's?
What makes up the contraction it's?
No. This choice is not the best. "It smells" cannot be contracted, and has no place here.
"It is been abandoned" is grammatically incorrect. In the passive voice, we say that the building has been abandoned, because it is not the building itself which is "abandoning" someone.
"It was been abandoned" is grammatically incorrect. We cannot contract this particular construction.
Because Susie is talking about a past action that continues into the present, she uses the present perfect (it has been abandoned).
练习 3
Which of the following is another way of phrasing: "I hadn't access to my pad"?
Which of the following is another way of phrasing: "I hadn't access to my pad"?
This is the best choice here. In the phrase "I hadn't access to my pad", the verb "to have" is being used in the sense of "to possess". The only other way to express this sense of possession with the same verb is: "I didn't have".
Because Fiona is expressing a simple past tense action, we cannot use the present tense auxiliary (don't) with the present tense verb (have). "I don't have" expresses the present tense, whereas Fiona is referring to a past event.
The negation (not) never comes directly after the subject and before the main verb.
Because Fiona is expressing a simple past tense action, we cannot use the present tense auxiliary (don't) with the past participle (had). "Don't had" is not a valid grammatical construction.
练习 4
Fill in the blanks below with the correct contracted form. Contract only the words in the blanks.
Examples: are not → aren't, she is → she's
I always been as successful as I am now. And I pretend that I was always this beautiful. not that vain. My brother, on the other hand, is one of the ugliest people in the world. When my mother brought him to the store with her, frighten the other shoppers. had to endure a lot of verbal abuse since then. But proud of him anyway. He builds land mines for the government.
Examples: are not → aren't, she is → she's
I always been as successful as I am now. And I pretend that I was always this beautiful. not that vain. My brother, on the other hand, is one of the ugliest people in the world. When my mother brought him to the store with her, frighten the other shoppers. had to endure a lot of verbal abuse since then. But proud of him anyway. He builds land mines for the government.
Fill in the blanks below with the correct contracted form. Contract only the words in the blanks.
Examples: are not → aren't, she is → she's
I [not done] haven't 1 always been as successful as I am now. And I [not done] won't 2 pretend that I was always this beautiful. [not done] I'm 3 not that vain. My brother, on the other hand, is one of the ugliest people in the world. When my mother brought him to the store with her, [not done] he'd 4 frighten the other shoppers. [not done] He's 5 had to endure a lot of verbal abuse since then. But [not done] we're 6 proud of him anyway. He builds land mines for the government.
Examples: are not → aren't, she is → she's
I [not done] haven't 1 always been as successful as I am now. And I [not done] won't 2 pretend that I was always this beautiful. [not done] I'm 3 not that vain. My brother, on the other hand, is one of the ugliest people in the world. When my mother brought him to the store with her, [not done] he'd 4 frighten the other shoppers. [not done] He's 5 had to endure a lot of verbal abuse since then. But [not done] we're 6 proud of him anyway. He builds land mines for the government.
1 haven't: 'Haven't' is a regular contraction. To form the contraction, we simply attach the two words 'have' and 'not', and replace the 'o' with an apostrophe (').
2 won't: 'Won't' is the irregular contraction of 'will not'. 'Won't' is a contraction that doesn't follow the normal rules, it simply must be memorized.
3 I'm: 'I'm' is a regular contraction. We simply attach the two words 'I' and 'am', and replace the 'a' with an apostrophe (').
4 he'd: 'He'd' is the irregular contraction of 'he would'. Be careful, 'he'd' is also the contraction for 'he had'! We can usually determine which is intended from the context.
5 He's: When we form the contraction with a conjugated form of the verb 'have', we attach the two words 'he' and 'has', and replace 'ha' with an apostrophe ('). Be careful, 'he's' is also the contraction for 'he is'! We can usually tell which is intended from the context.
6 we're: 'We're' is a regular contraction. We simply attach the two words 'We' and 'are', and replace the 'a' with an apostrophe (').
练习 5
Fill in the blanks below with the correct contracted form. For example: Are not = Aren't
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Billy's parents always told him he amount to anything in life. ' too short, too weak and too ignorant to ever become someone great', say. A few years later, Billy won the State Lottery, and it matter that he was too short, too weak or too ignorant. He was rich!
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Billy's parents always told him he amount to anything in life. ' too short, too weak and too ignorant to ever become someone great', say. A few years later, Billy won the State Lottery, and it matter that he was too short, too weak or too ignorant. He was rich!
Fill in the blanks below with the correct contracted form. For example: Are not = Aren't
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Billy's parents always told him he [not done] wouldn't 1 amount to anything in life. '[not done] you're 2 too short, too weak and too ignorant to ever become someone great', [not done] they'd 3 say. A few years later, Billy won the State Lottery, and it [not done] didn't 4 matter that he was too short, too weak or too ignorant. He was rich!
Contract only the words inside the blanks!
Billy's parents always told him he [not done] wouldn't 1 amount to anything in life. '[not done] you're 2 too short, too weak and too ignorant to ever become someone great', [not done] they'd 3 say. A few years later, Billy won the State Lottery, and it [not done] didn't 4 matter that he was too short, too weak or too ignorant. He was rich!
1 wouldn't: 'Wouldn't' is a regular contraction in the negative. To form contractions, we simply join the two words ('would' and 'not'), and replace the 'o' with an apostrophe.
2 you're: 'You're' is a contraction of the subject-verb combination 'you are'. To form contractions, we simply join the two words ('you' and 'are'), and replace the 'a' with an apostrophe.
3 they'd: 'Would' contracts irregularly with personal pronouns. In every case, only the letter 'd' is retained to form the contraction. Be careful! 'They'd' can also be the contraction for 'they had'.
4 didn't: 'Didn't' is a regular contraction in the negative. To form contractions, we simply join the two words ('did' and 'not'), and replace the 'o' with an apostrophe.
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