The passive voice
理解语法是理解一门语言的关键。
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The passive voice
被动语态用助动词be+过去分词构成:
Connors was hired (by Bruno) a long time ago. 克诺斯很久前被布鲁怒雇佣了。
注意被动结构经常如没有主动语态中的宾语(by...):
Bruno hired Connors a long time ago.很久以前布鲁诺雇佣了克诺斯。主动语态
Connors was hired a long time ago.克诺斯很久前被雇佣了。 被动语态(by Bruno被隐含)
Connors was hired a long time ago.克诺斯很久前被雇佣了。 被动语态(by Bruno被隐含)
有些程勇的被动语态表达:
I was born in 1947. 我出生于1947年。
Three positions are left. 剩下三个位置。
It's easier said than done. 说起来容易，做起来难。
What's to be done? 需要做什么？
It remains to be seen. 还需要看看。
注意:
• 被动语态和进行时形式:
• 被动语态和进行时形式:
They are being held by the police. 他们被警察居留了。
Donations are now being accepted. 现在可以接受捐款。
• 动词to get 经常用来代替to be来表示做出的努力:
to get invited 被邀请了
to get hired 被雇佣
练习 1
Icarus Quincy has always to be free on the weekends.
Icarus Quincy has always been known to be free on the weekends.
been known: 'Has been known' is the present perfect, passive form of the verb 'to know'. The passive voice is used when a subject or object (Icarus) receives the action of the verb (knowing). Note, the people who perform the action - 'the knowing' - is only implied in this passive construction and not actually written. 'Icarus Quincy has always been known (by everyone in the office) to be free on the weekends' expresses that it is public knowledge that Icarus doesn't usually have plans for the weekend.
know: 'Know' is the present tense form of 'to know'. In this sentence, we must put the verb in the passive voice: 'has been known.'
to know: 'To know' is the infinitive form of the verb. In this sentence, we must put the verb in the passive voice: 'has been known.'
known: In this sentence, we must put the verb in the passive voice: 'has been known.'
练习 2
Horatio by Bruno last week that he was no longer allowed to wear sandals to work. Needless to say, Horatio by Bruno's decision, but he has promised to obey the rules of the office.
Horatio was told 1 by Bruno last week that he was no longer allowed to wear sandals to work. Needless to say, Horatio was disappointed 2 by Bruno's decision, but he has promised to obey the rules of the office.
1 was told: The passive voice is used here because Horatio is receiving the action of the verb in this sentence. Bruno told Horatio, but Horatio was told by Bruno. Passive voice verbs are often followed by 'by'.
1 told: We cannot use 'told' in this construction because it is followed by 'by'. We must use the passive voice here.
1 is telling: The present progressive tense is grammatically incorrect here. We need the passive voice. To construct a passive voice verb in a progressive tense, we could say 'Horatio is being told by Bruno'.
1 was telling: The past progressive tense is grammatically incorrect here. We need the passive voice. To construct a passive voice verb in a progressive tense, we could say 'Horatio was being told by Bruno.
2 was disappointed: We use the passive voice here because Horatio is the recipient of this action of this verb. Horatio 'was disappointed', he is not disappointing anyone.
2 disappointed: We cannot use 'disappoints' in this construction because it is followed by 'by'. We must use the passive voice here.
2 disappoints: This construction requires a verb in the passive voice. Using a verb in the active voice doesn't make sense.
2 was disappointing: Using 'disappointing' here is grammatically incorrect. 'Disappointing' is a verb in the active voice, and this construction requires a verb in the passive voice.
练习 3
Many years ago, Horatio Oléré in the jungles of the Amazon during the rainy season. His parents, Christobal and Maria Luz, by Horatio's enormous nose. Right away, they that their baby would be very special.
Many years ago, Horatio Oléré was born 1 in the jungles of the Amazon during the rainy season. His parents, Christobal and Maria Luz, were surprised 2 by Horatio's enormous nose. Right away, they knew 3 that their baby would be very special.
1 was born: In English, 'I was born' is always expressed in the passive voice.
1 is born: This construction requires the past simple tense in English. We would say 'I was born'.
2 were surprised: The passive voice is required for constructions such as this one. Horatio's parents 'were surprised'.
2 are surprised: Although this is a passive form of the verb, we must put the auxiliary into the past tense.
2 surprise: We cannot use 'surprise' in this construction because it is followed by 'by'. We must use the passive voice here.
3 knew: 'Knew' is the best choice here. The verb simply needs to be put in its past tense form and to be followed by 'that'. This action took place in the past, and so we use the simple past tense to describe it.
3 are known: There is no need to use the passive voice here. It is grammatically incorrect to use it in this case.
练习 4
Since last month, Ivana Bümbüm's latest film by millions. So far, the reviews have been very positive.
Since last month, Ivana Bümbüm's latest film has been seen by millions. So far, the reviews have been very positive.
has been seen: The passive voice is best for this phrase, as it employs a noun (the film) receiving the action of the verb "to see".
sees: We cannot use the active voice here because the film does not see, but rather it has been seen by many people.
is seen: Although this is a passive form of the verb, we must put the auxiliary in the correct tense because of the phrase 'since last month'.
练习 5
Philip by what Susie said to him this afternoon. He never thought Susie of using such insulting language.
Philip was shocked 1 by what Susie said to him this afternoon. He never thought Susie was capable 2 of using such insulting language.
1 was shocked: We must use the passive voice here in this sentence because of its construction.
1 shocked: We cannot use the active voice here because Philip is not doing the 'shocking', rather he is 'shocked' by what Susie said to him.
2 was capable: This is the best choice here because the passive voice is used in the past tense.
2 is capable: Although 'is capable' is a passive form, we must put it in the past tense (preterit). We know that we need a past tense verb because we see 'thought' earlier in the sentence.
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