By the time en français : traduction et définition

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Traduction et définition

by (the end of the week): pas plus tard que, d'ici, avant (la fin de la semaine) preposition
The results will be announced by Monday. Les résultats seront annoncés d'ici lundi.
Cashman should be here by now. Cashman devrait déjà être ici.
By the time (you read this, I will be gone): Quand (tu liras ceci, je serai parti) idiom

Exemples

  • "Be ready at the bus depot by 5 AM. Sorry, money is tight right now."
  • "Please be in the office and ready for my call by 8 AM San Francisco time."
  • "Tomorrow morning I have to finish an interim financial report, and Kevin still hasn't gotten back to me with the figures I need from the factories in Asia, and I already asked him eight times, and Bruno's going to be furious if the finished report isn't on his desk by 12."
  • "I need, like, three thousand copies by Tuesday!"
  • "I'm not sure what we would do without him. Our taxes are due in April, but Mr. Quincy usually has them finished by mid-January."
  • "Mr. Wang : Yes gentlemen, unless we come to an arrangement right away, I will own enough stock in your companies to have a controlling interest by the market's close tomorrow night!"
  • "Delivery to be made by 31st February"
  • "Archibald : While I'd love to exchange more absurd exaggerations with you, Miss Watson, I would love even more to help find your server and have it back to you by tomorrow afternoon?"
  • "Our ETA in Boston is 1:30 AM, but again, I'll do my best to make it there by midnight."
  • "Susie, those designs you faxed me look great, and Mrs. Lee told me she can have 10,000 labels printed with a special adhesive by next week!"
  • "Philip, you'll have my answer by tomorrow evening."
  • "Otherwise, give me a chance, and I'll have a report for you by Tuesday."
  • "If you ever want to see him again, you will deliver a briefcase with cash: 500,000 (Euros, not dollars) to this address by the 13th of this month"
  • "I could put your perfumes on the shelves of my stores by next week."
  • "Oh by the way Icarus, I'll need that budget report on my desk by 9:00 am tomorrow."
  • "By the time it reaches Brazil, we will have missed the delivery deadline!"
  • "Brian : Absolutely sir, you'll have my report by Tuesday evening."
  • "- You must check out by 8AM on your day of departure."
Exercice 1
Conjugate the verbs in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb.

Bob: Do you when Luna will be coming back to work? She's been out sick for a week now.
Susie: Well, I you as soon as I see her. Everyone's wondering when she .
Bob: I'm afraid that by the time she back, my birthday will be over.
Conjugate the verbs in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb.

Bob: Do you [not done] know 1 when Luna will be coming back to work? She's been out sick for a week now.
Susie: Well, I [not done] will tell 2 you as soon as I see her. Everyone's wondering when she [not done] will return 3.
Bob: I'm afraid that by the time she [not done] gets 4 back, my birthday will be over.
1 know: An ordinary verb (to know) preceded by an auxiliary (do) is always conjugated in its infinitive form without 'to' (do you know...). This is true for interrogative constructions as well (Did you see, Will you go, etc.). Bob is asking Susie if she knows when Luna will return to work.
2 will tell: In this sentence, 'as soon as' is used like 'when'. 'Will' + 'when' constructions are used to indicate something that is sure, for example: 'I will visit you when (or 'as soon as') I am in Paris'. In the dialogue, Susie is making Bob a promise that she will certainly tell him when Luna arrives. Note: 'Will' is often used for promises ('I'll pay you tomorrow') and also for on-the-spot or new decisions ('I'll have a coke please').
3 will return: 'Everyone is wondering...' uses the present progressive tense, and indicates that people are 'currently' or 'now' wondering when Luna will return (in the future). When the principal clause of a sentence uses a present tense verb form ('everyone is wondering'), and the subordinate clause is introduced by 'when,' the verb of the subordinate clause must be put in the future tense.
4 gets: Although the phrase 'by the time she gets back' describes Luna's eventual return to the office, an action which will take place in the future (if at all), a present tense verb (gets) is used here because the principal clause 'my birthday will be over' uses a future tense verb. Even though the main clause uses a future tense verb, the subordinate clause takes a present tense verb because it is introduced by a conjunction of time (by the time). Bob is expressing his concern that Luna won't get back to the office in time to celebrate his birthday.
Exercice 2
By the time Kevin gets here, the meeting finished.
By the time Kevin gets here, the meeting will be finished.
will be: In any construction introduced by a conjunction of time (such as 'by the time') which uses a simple present tense verb in the subordinate clause (gets), the principal clause always takes a verb in the future tense: By the time Kevin gets here, the meeting will be finished. Other example: When I reach Uranus, I will send you a post card.
is going: 'Is going' must be followed by a verb in its full infinitive form. We could say, however: 'the meeting is going to be finished soon'.
has: 'Has' is the present simple form of the verb 'to have'. Because Kevin will arrive in the future, we cannot use this form of the verb.
has been: 'Has been' is the present perfect form of the verb 'to be'. Because Kevin will arrive in the future, we cannot use this form of the verb.
Exercice 3
The company's taxes must be finished by .
The company's taxes must be finished by April.
April: Polly says that the taxes are due in April. To be "due" means to be expected, it is usually followed by the preposition "in" for a date, or followed by the preposition "to" for an action. For example: The train is due to arrive in 10 minutes.
January: This is incorrect. Polly says that the "taxes are due in April, but Mr. Quincy usually has them finished by mid-January." This means that although the taxes need to be completed by April, Mr. Quincy finishes them in January.
February: This is incorrect. Polly does not make any mention of the month February in her conversation with Mr. Warbuckle and Icarus.
Exercice 4
Archibald says he will guarantee .
Archibald says he will guarantee the server will be delivered before five o'clock tomorrow.
the server will be delivered before five o'clock tomorrow: This is the best choice here. Archibald says: "I am going to guarantee your delivery for tomorrow by five". "By" is being used here to mean "no later than". "Five" refers to the hour of the day. It is quite common for people to say times of the day without saying "o'clock" or "P.M.". Archibald is telling Polly that the server will arrive "no later than five o'clock".
the server will be delivered by five representatives: It would not make sense to guarantee someone's delivery "by" a certain number of people. Also, we do not usually use a number to refer to a group of people, without it already being referenced. For example: "There are five of them", "How many people came? About five".
five servers will be delivered tomorrow afternoon: "By five" cannot mean "five" servers. We cannot use the preposition "by" in this way.
the server will arrive five days after tomorrow: "Tomorrow by five" does not suggest "five days after tomorrow".
Exercice 5
Bruno Delavigne suffers a rare disease called anosmia. The origins of this condition are unknown. Some people believe that anosmia is caused a virus spread by mutant giraffes Kenya. Hopefully, the end of the decade, someone will have solved this mystery.
Bruno Delavigne suffers from 1 a rare disease called anosmia. The origins of this condition are unknown. Some people believe that anosmia is caused by 2 a virus spread by mutant giraffes from 3 Kenya. Hopefully, by 4 the end of the decade, someone will have solved this mystery.
1 from: We can use "from" in certain expressions to show the cause or origin of something (such as a disease or illness). Another example: "I feel sick from the ferry crossing" (similar in meaning to "I feel sick because of the ferry crossing").
1 by: We cannot say that someone "suffers by" something. We say that they "suffer from" something, such as a disease or condition.
1 because: We cannot use "because" here because it is not followed by "of". We could say, however: "Bruno suffered because of his inability to smell".
2 by: A phenomenon is caused by something else. More generally, we use "by" in the passive voice to refer to the person or thing which does the action. For example: "I was stung by a bee" (=a bee stung me), "She is supported by her family" (=her family supports her).
2 from: We generally do not use "from" in the passive voice. "From" can introduce the cause of something, but only in certain expressions, which usually refer to feelings, suffering, or physical results. In these contexts, it has a similar meaning to "because of". For example: "I feel sleepy from the painkillers".
2 of: We cannot use "of" in the passive voice in this way. We could say, however: "It is believed that a virus is the cause of anosmia".
3 from: "From" introduces the origin of something. In this case, the mutant giraffes originally come from Kenya, or have their origin in Kenya. Another example: "This folk dance is originally from Transylvania".
3 at: We cannot use "at" before the name of a country. To refer to location in a country, we use "in": "The city of Phuket is in Thailand". To refer to origin, we use "from": "The tango comes from Argentina".
3 out: We cannot use "out" immediately before the name of a location: we would have to add "of" to make this sentence grammatically correct. Example: "He is the most exciting artist to come out of Korea since the K-Pop craze began".
4 by: When "by" is used with a time, it has a similar meaning to "before". Here, the speaker hopes that the mystery will be solved at some time between now and the end of the (current) decade. Another example: "We must leave the building by 9pm at the latest".
4 in: We cannot use "in" in this phrase. We say "at the end" to avoid confusion with the phrase "in the end", which means "eventually" or "finally". However, we can use "in" before most time words, for example: "in April", "in summer", "in 1988", "in the 12th century", "in the future".
4 from: "From" refers to a starting point in time. For example: "From the 1970s onwards, the government began stockpiling large reserves of food". It doesn't make sense to use "from" here because the future perfect tense, "will have solved", refers to an action which will be complete at the end of the decade, not an action that will start.

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