The present perfect tense
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The present perfect tense
现在完成时结构:助词have+过去分词
I have lost my keys. 我弄丢了我的钥匙。
Bruno has decided to take a break. 布鲁诺决定了休息一下。
动作已经完成，而我们想强调这个事实，换句话说，它还是跟现在时有关。
He's (或 He has) done his work. 他做完了他的工作。
I haven't seen him lately. 最近我没见过他。
Everything has been alright so far. 到目前为止，所有事都顺利。
有时，现在完成时使用其进行时形式:
-How long have you been living in San Francisco? -I have been living here for 10 years (or since 1999) -你住在旧金山多久了？ -我在那儿住了十年(或者 从1999年起)
注意：当有一个副词(比如 never, always 等等)时，副词通常放在助动词和过去分词之间:
I have never been to San Francisco. 我从来没去过旧金山。
Susie has always dreamed of working in PR. 苏西一直梦想在公关部工作。
练习 1
Icarus Quincy has always to be free on the weekends.
Icarus Quincy has always been known to be free on the weekends.
been known: 'Has been known' is the present perfect, passive form of the verb 'to know'. The passive voice is used when a subject or object (Icarus) receives the action of the verb (knowing). Note, the people who perform the action - 'the knowing' - is only implied in this passive construction and not actually written. 'Icarus Quincy has always been known (by everyone in the office) to be free on the weekends' expresses that it is public knowledge that Icarus doesn't usually have plans for the weekend.
know: 'Know' is the present tense form of 'to know'. In this sentence, we must put the verb in the passive voice: 'has been known.'
to know: 'To know' is the infinitive form of the verb. In this sentence, we must put the verb in the passive voice: 'has been known.'
known: In this sentence, we must put the verb in the passive voice: 'has been known.'
练习 2
Since last month, Ivana Bümbüm's latest film by millions. So far, the reviews have been very positive.
Since last month, Ivana Bümbüm's latest film has been seen by millions. So far, the reviews have been very positive.
has been seen: The passive voice is best for this phrase, as it employs a noun (the film) receiving the action of the verb "to see".
sees: We cannot use the active voice here because the film does not see, but rather it has been seen by many people.
is seen: Although this is a passive form of the verb, we must put the auxiliary in the correct tense because of the phrase 'since last month'.
练习 3
I trying to reach Bruno all day, but he always so busy. I remember when we best friends, but now that his business so huge, he never free.
I have been 1 trying to reach Bruno all day, but he is 2 always so busy. I remember when we were 3 best friends, but now that his business is 4 so huge, he is 5 never free.
1 have been: We use the present perfect form of 'to be' (I have been) to show a continuous action from past to present (the present perfect progressive tense). Using this tense here tells us that the speaker has been continuously trying to reach Bruno for a while and continues to try to do so.
1 am: The present progressive form (I am trying) only shows a current state or action. It cannot indicate an action which began in the past and continues into the present.
2 is: We must conjugate the verb 'to be' in the present tense here in order to show a habitual state or action.
2 be: Unless you are reading Shakespeare, you will not be using the infinitive form 'be' following the pronoun 'he'.
3 were: Because the context refers to a past state, we must use the past tense form of the verb here.
3 are: 'Are' is a present tense form of the verb 'to be'. It cannot indicate a past tense action.
4 is: The word 'now' tells us that we need to use the present form of the verb 'to be'.
4 was: 'Was' is the past tense of the verb 'to be'. It cannot be used here because this phrase requires a present tense of the form of the verb.
5 is: 'Is' is the best choice here. We need the third-person form of the verb 'to be' in this case.
5 are: 'Are' is the present tense form of the verb 'to be' in the 'you', 'we' and 'they' forms.
练习 4
Horatio locked up in his laboratory for over 48 hours. Bruno is worried that he insane. And Kevin up and down the hallway, afraid that Horatio is planning a voodoo curse.
Horatio has been 1 locked up in his laboratory for over 48 hours. Bruno is worried that he has gone 2 insane. And Kevin has been walking 3 up and down the hallway, afraid that Horatio is planning a voodoo curse.
1 has been: We can use the present perfect (have + past participle) to show an action that has not yet concluded. This sentence indicates that Horatio continues to be locked in his laboratory.
1 have been: 'Have been' is the present perfect form in all tenses except the third person singular.
2 has gone: We may use the present perfect (have + past participle) to emphasize an action that has already happened.
2 will have gone: We can only use the construction 'will have' when referring to a future event.
3 has been walking: Because Kevin's action is continuous, we must use the 'ing' form of the verb.
3 has been walked: 'Has been walked' is grammatically incorrect and is not a proper verb construction.
练习 5
Nobody anything from our lawyers for over two weeks.
Nobody has heard anything from our lawyers for over two weeks.
has heard: We use the present perfect (have + past participle) to show an action that has not yet concluded.
was hearing: 'Was hearing' can only express a past completed action. It does not make sense to use it here.
hears: 'Hears' is a present tense form of the verb 'to hear'. It does not agree with the time frame of this phrase.
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